Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Zardoya, Concha ... Zayd ibn al-Harith

Zardoya, Concha: (from the article "Spanish literature") ...with the Fall of Man, also using Cain and Abel motifs to symbolize the country's Civil War. Slightly younger, Maria Concepcion Zardoya Gonzalez, who wrote under the name Concha Zardoya, published 25 poetry collections between 1946 and 1987. She was ...
Zareh: (from the article "Balash") ...throne, Balash was threatened by the dominance of invading Hephthalites, a nomadic eastern tribe. Supported by Zarmihr, a feudal chief, Balash suppressed an uprising by his rebel brother Zareh. Later, however, he was abandoned by Zarmihr, and shortly afterward he ...
Zaremba, Stanislaw: (from the article "solids, mechanics of") ...relation (the resulting Coriolis and centrifugal effects are quite negligible at the scale of molecular interactions). Important contributions on this issue were made by the applied mathematicians Stanislaw Zaremba and Gustav Andreas Johannes Jaumann in the first decade of the ...
Zares: (from the article "Slovenia") ...leading up to the parliamentary elections due in the fall of 2008. The collapse of the once-dominant Liberal Democrat party was coupled with the appearance of a new centre-left party known as Zares (For Real), whose leaders emanated primarily from ...
Zaret, Hy: American lyricist collaborated with composer Alex North to create the song "Unchained Melody" (1955), which became one of the most enduring and most performed songs of all time; it was covered by more than 300 artists, notably Lena Horne, Elvis ...
Zaria: historic kingdom, traditional emirate, and local government council in Kaduna State, northern Nigeria, with its headquarters at Zaria (q.v.) city. The kingdom is traditionally said to date from the 11th century, when King Gunguma founded it as one of the ... [1 Related Articles]
Zaria: city, Kaduna State, north-central Nigeria, on the Kubanni River (a tributary of the Kaduna). Headquarters of the Zaria Local Government Council and the traditional Zaria emirate, it is served by road and rail and by an airport just to the ... [2 Related Articles]
Zariadres: (from the article "Zariadres") one of the satraps (governors) of the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who is credited, with Artaxias (q.v.), as a founder of ancient Armenia.association with ArtaxiasArtaxiasAfter the defeat of the Seleucid ...
Zariski, Oscar: (from the article "mathematics") A further twist to the development came with the work of the American mathematician Oscar Zariski, who had studied with the Italian school of algebraic geometers but came to feel that their method of working was imprecise. He worked out ...
Zarkrzewska, Marie: (from the article "playground") The American children's play movement began in Boston in 1885 with the development of children's sand gardens modeled on German designs. German-born Marie Zarkrzewska was one of the earliest female physicians in the United States. While in Berlin, Zarkrzewska had ...
Zarlino, Gioseffo: Venetian composer and writer on music, the most celebrated music theorist of the mid-16th century. [1 Related Articles]
Zarma: a people of westernmost Niger and adjacent areas of Burkina Faso and Nigeria. The Zarma speak a dialect of Songhai, a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family, and are considered to be a branch of the Songhai people. [2 Related Articles]
Zarma language: (from the article "Songhai languages") ...into adjacent countries. At least six varieties are usually distinguished, although the question of how many distinct Songhai languages should be recognized is undecided. With two million speakers, Zarma ranks among the major languages of Africa in terms of number ...
Zarmhir: (from the article "Balash") ...succeeding his brother Firuz I. Soon after he ascended the throne, Balash was threatened by the dominance of invading Hephthalites, a nomadic eastern tribe. Supported by Zarmihr, a feudal chief, Balash suppressed an uprising by his rebel brother Zareh. Later, ...
Zarpanit: (from the article "Marduk") ...a ziggurat with a shrine of Marduk on the top. In the Esagila the poem Enuma elish was recited every year at the New Year festival. The goddess named most often as the consort of Marduk was Zarpanitu.
Zarqa Private University, Al-: (from the article "Education") Al-Zarqa (Jordan) Private University dismissed 14 Islamist professors, most of them members of the Muslim Brotherhood, who had severely criticized the Jordanian government. Al-Zarqa's president, Adnan Nayfeh, denied charges that the firings had been politically motivated, saying, "I was hired ...
Zarqa', Al-: one of the largest cities in Jordan, located 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Amman. [1 Related Articles]
Zarqallu, az-: (from the article "mathematics") ...Islam made it the pocket watch of the medievals. In its original form it required a different plate of horizon coordinates for each latitude, but in the 11th century the Spanish Muslim astronomer al-Zarqallu invented a single plate that worked ...
Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-: Jordanian-born Iraqi militant (b. Oct. 20/30, 1966, Al-Zarqa, Jordan-d. June 7, 2006, Ba'qubah, Iraq), as the self-styled leader in Iraq of the Islamic militant group al-Qaeda, was thought by many to have been the mastermind behind numerous terrorist acts, including ... [7 Related Articles]
Zary: (from the article "Telemann, Georg Philipp") ...director of the Leipzig Opera, for which he also composed. Telemann's next positions were at two princely courts: first as kapellmeister (conductor of the court orchestra) in Sorau (now Zary, Pol.; 1705-08), then as concertmaster (first violinist) and later kapellmeister ...
Zarya: (from the article "Space stations, from 1971") ...the first element of its multinational project, which had come to be called the International Space Station (ISS). Launched by Russia atop a Proton rocket in late 1998, the initial module, called Zarya, was designed to provide attitude control and ...
Zarzian tool industry: (from the article "Iran, ancient") ...cultural and typological discontinuity, perhaps caused by the maximum cold of the last phase of the Wurm glaciation, the Baradostian was replaced by a local Upper Paleolithic industry called the Zarzian. This tool tradition, probably dating to the period 12,000 ...
zarzuela: Spanish musical play consisting of spoken passages, songs, choruses, and dances. It originated in the 17th century as an aristocratic entertainment dealing with mythological or heroic subject matter. The first performances were at the royal residence of La Zarzuela, near ... [5 Related Articles]
Zarzuela race track: (from the article "Torroja, Eduardo") ...in 1927. His first concrete-shell structure, a covered market in Algeciras (1933), was followed two years later by two of his most admired shell structures, both in Madrid: the grandstand at the Zarzuela racecourse and the sports hall. The shell ...
Zaskar Range: group of Himalayan mountains in northern India and western Tibet (China), extending southeastward for 400 miles (640 km) from the Suru River to the upper Karnali River. Kamet Peak (25,446 feet [7,756 m]) is the highest point, and the most ... [2 Related Articles]
Zaslavskaya, Tatyana: (from the article "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics") ...system, only to make it more efficient. The leading role of the party and the central direction of the economy were to stay. Under Andropov he had attended seminars by such radical scholars as Tatyana Zaslavskaya and Abel Aganbegyan. He ...
zasu: (from the article "za") ...fees, the za enjoyed official recognition and exemptions from tolls, transit duties, and market taxes. Many za were begun and maintained under the patronage of nobles or of the zasu (head priests) of Shinto shrines or Buddhist temples. More than ...
Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna: Russian revolutionary who shot and wounded General Fyodor F. Trepov, the governor of St. Petersburg, and who was acquitted by the jury in a much-publicized trial (1878).
Zatlers, Valdistl: (from the article "Latvia") Area: 64,589 sq km (24,938 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 2,274,000 | Capital: Riga | Chief of state: Presidents Vaira Vike-Freiberga and, from July 8, Valdis Zatlers | Head of government: Prime Ministers Aigars Kalvitis and, from December 20, ...
Zatopek, Emil: Czech athlete who is considered one of the greatest long-distance runners in the history of the sport. He won the gold medal in the 10,000-metre race at the 1948 Olympics in London and three gold medals at the 1952 Olympic ... [6 Related Articles]
Zauberer: (from the article "Baltic religion") ...with the important occasions of human life, such as birth, marriage, and death. In the syncretistic amalgam of Christianity and the religion of the Balts, those persons were called sorcerers (Zauberer) and, according to church records, were treated by the ...
Zauberformel: (from the article "Switzerland") In 1959 the so-called Zauberformel ("magic formula") for the Federal Council was established, under which it was composed of two liberals, two conservatives, two Social Democrats, and one member of the peasant-based Swiss People's Party. This formula, ...
Zauditu: (from the article "Haile Selassie I") ...his close association with Islam made him unpopular with the majority Christian population of Ethiopia. Tafari became the rallying point of the Christian resistance, and he deposed Lij Yasu in 1916. Zauditu, Menilek II's daughter, thereupon became empress in 1917, ...
zautar: (from the article "Iranian religion") It is likely that from a very early period a priest, the zautar (Vedic hotar), was required to properly carry out the yasna. The zautar might be assisted by a number of other ritual specialists. With the priest or priests ...
Zavadsky, Yury Alexandrovich: Soviet actor, director, and teacher whose eclectic vision ranged from foreign classics to modern heroic drama.
Zavattini, Cesare: Italian screenwriter, poet, painter, and novelist, known as a leading exponent of Italian Neorealism. [2 Related Articles]
Zavattini, Emilio: (from the article "Physical Sciences") ...quarks in protons and neutrons. The axion was believed to have no spin, no charge, and a very small mass, which would make it very difficult to detect. The sighting was based on an experiment by Emilio Zavattini and colleagues ...
Zavis of Falkenstein: (from the article "Wenceslas II") ...at the court of his cousin Otto IV of Brandenburg who served as regent for Wenceslas until 1283. When Wenceslas then returned to Prague, he found that his country was dominated by the ambitious Zavis of Falkenstein, his mother's lover ...
Zavoysky, Yevgeny Konstantinovich: Soviet physicist who discovered electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), also known as electron spin resonance (ESR).
Zawahiri, Ayman al-: (from the article "Egypt") ...tourist resort and was the site of the Israeli-Palestinian peace summit. More than 60 persons were killed in three coordinated operations. A few days later in a videotaped message, the Egyptian-born Ayman al-Zawahiri, al-Qaeda's second in command, attacked American policy ...
Zawawi, Qais ibn 'Abd al-Munim az-: Omani politician who was an effective and influential minister of state for foreign affairs, 1973-82, and deputy prime minister for financial and economic affairs, 1982-95 (b. Aug. 27, 1935--d. Sept. 11, 1995).
Zawi Chemi-Shanidar: (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") Representative of the first settlements on the borders of Mesopotamia are the adjacent sites of Zawi Chemi Shanidar and Shanidar itself, which lie northwest of Rawanduz. They date from the transition from the 10th to the 9th millennium BC and ...
Zawinul, Joe: Austrian jazz musician was a leading composer and keyboardist in jazz-rock fusion music, most famously in the combo Weather Report, which he and soprano saxophonist Wayne Shorter led (1970-85). Zawinul was a successful jazz pianist in Europe before moving (1959) ... [1 Related Articles]
zawiyah: generally, in the Muslim world, a monastic complex, usually the centre or a settlement of a Sufi (mystical) brotherhood. In some Arabic countries the term zawiyah is also used for any small, private oratory not paid for by community funds. [2 Related Articles]
Zawiyah, Al-: town, situated on the Mediterranean coast about 30 miles (50 km) west of Tripoli, northwestern Libya. Lying on Al-Jifarah plain, it is near the site of an important oil field and has the country's first oil refinery. Agriculture is prominent ...
Zawiyat al-Bayda': town, northeastern Libya. It is a new town lying on a high ridge 20 miles (32 km) from the Mediterranean Sea. Built in the late 1950s on the site of the tomb of Rawayfi ibn Thabit (a Companion of the ...
Zawr Escarpment, Al-: (from the article "Kuwait") ...low hills and shallow depressions. The elevations range from sea level in the east to 951 feet (290 metres) above sea level at Al-Shiqaya peak, in the western corner of the country. The Al-Zawr Escarpment, one of the main topographic ...
Zayandeh River: (from the article "Iran") The Zayandeh River, the lifeline of Esfahan province, also originates in the Zagros Mountains, flowing southeastward to Gav Khuni Marsh (Gavkhaneh Lake), a swamp northwest of the city of Yazd. The completion of the Kuhrang Dam in 1971 diverted water ...
Zayas y Sotomayor, Maria de: the most important of the minor 17th-century Spanish novelists and one of the first women to publish prose fiction in the Castilian dialect. [1 Related Articles]
Zayd ibn 'Ali: (from the article "Shi'ite") ...of the Umayyad period died down, but a counterculture developed in the form of several diverse groups promoting Shi'ite candidates to leadership. One such group, the Zaydiyyah (named for Zayd ibn 'Ali, a grandson of al-Husayn), formulated its principles in ...
Zayd ibn al-Harith: (from the article "Muhammad") ...then to a few friends, and finally, three years after the advent of the revelation, to the public at large. The first to accept Muhammad's call to become Muslims were Khadijah; 'Ali; Zayd ibn al-Harith, who was like a son ...