| | - Zhenyan
- (from the article "Buddhism") According to the Zhenyan tradition, Esoteric Buddhism was taken from India to China by three missionary monks who translated the basic Zhenyan texts. The first monk, Shubhakarasimha, arrived in China in 716, and he translated the Mahavairocana-sutra ...
- Zhenzong
- temple name (miaohao) of the third emperor (reigned 997-1022) of the Song dynasty (960-1279), who strengthened Confucianism and concluded a peace treaty with the Liao empire to the north that ended several decades of warfare. As a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zhezong
- (from the article "China") The reign of Zhezong (1085-1100) began with a regency under another empress dowager, who recalled the conservatives to power. An antireform period lasted until 1093, during which time most of the reforms were rescinded or drastically revised. Though men of ...
- Zhezqazghan
- city, central Kazakhstan, on a reservoir of the Kara-Kengir River. The city was created in 1938 in connection with the exploitation of the rich local copper deposits. In 1973 a large mining and metallurgical complex was constructed to the southeast ...
- Zhilinsky, Ya. G.
- (from the article "World War I") ...Grand Duke Nicholas, took it loyally but prematurely, before the cumbrous Russian war machine was ready, by launching a pincer movement against East Prussia. Under the higher control of General Ya.G. Zhilinsky, two armies, the 1st, or Vilna, Army under ...
- Zhiloy
- (from the article "Caspian Sea") ...southern Caspian, based partly on underwater relief and partly on hydrologic characteristics. The sea contains as many as 50 islands, mostly small. The largest are Chechen, Tyuleny, Morskoy, Kulaly, Zhiloy, and Ogurchin.
- Zhiman
- (from the article "Huang Mountains") ...which is renowned for its magnificent scenery. Known in ancient times as Mount Yi, Mount Huang received its present name in AD 747. It was the retreat of the Chan (Zen) Buddhist master Zhiman, who founded a temple that later ...
- zhiraw
- (from the article "Kazakh literature") By the 17th century, if not before, there had emerged two types of professional bards: the zhiraw and the aqin. These were primarily-though not exclusively-male professions. The zhiraw performed both the epic zhir and the didactic tolgaw and...
- Zhirinovsky, Vladimir
- When Vladimir Zhirinovsky's Liberal Democratic Party won 22.8% of the vote in the Russian parliamentary elections in December 1993, the West gasped. It had previously not taken much notice of the man known for his boorish, bullying behaviour or for ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zhivkov, Todor
- first secretary of the ruling Bulgarian Communist Party's Central Committee (1954-89) and president of Bulgaria (1971-89). His 35 years as Bulgaria's ruler made him the longest-serving leader in any of the Soviet-bloc nations of eastern Europe. [4 Related Articles]
- Zhob
- town, Balochistan province, western Pakistan. The town lies on an open plain just east of the Zhob River. Originally called Apozai (the name is still used locally), it was renamed Fort Sandeman for Sir Robert Sandeman in 1889 and was ...
- zhong
- Chinese clapperless bronze bells produced mainly during the late Zhou (c. 600-255 BC) dynasty and used as a percussion instrument in ancient China. Although the term also denotes the religious bells used daily in Buddhist temples, this article treats only ... [2 Related Articles]
- zhongchao
- in imperial China (mainly during the Han dynasty), the group of advisers and attendants (often extended family members and eunuchs) with direct access to the emperor. The inner court's authority was established during the Han (206 BCE-220 CE), when it ...
- Zhonggar Alatau Range
- (from the article "Kazakhstan") ...by valleys. The Altai mountain complex to the east sends three ridges into the republic, and, farther south, the Tarbagatay Range is an offshoot of the Naryn-Kolbin complex. Another range, the Dzungarian Alatau, penetrates the country to the south of ...
- zhonghu
- (from the article "erhu") ...or nanhu. A larger, lower-pitched version of the erhu is called zhonghu. All three sizes are valuable members of the orchestra. See also jinghu, huqin.use in Jiangnan sizhu
- Zhongshan
- city in southern Guangdong sheng (province), southern China. Located in the south-central part of the Pearl (Zhu) River Delta, Zhongshan has a network of waterways connecting it with all parts of the delta and is on an ...
- Zhongshan Park
- (from the article "Beijing") Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) Park lies just southwest of the Forbidden City; it is the most centrally located park in Beijing and encloses the former Altar of Earth and Harvests (Shejitan), where the emperors made offerings to the gods of earth ...
- Zhongyong
- one of four Confucian texts that, when published together in 1190 by the Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi, became the famous Sishu ("Four Books"). Zhu chose Zhongyong for its metaphysical interest, which had already attracted the attention of Buddhists and earlier ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zhongzong
- (from the article "Ruizong") ...in 684, before she decided to set him aside and rule the country herself in 690. This was the first such usurpation in Chinese history. Although Ruizong had been made Wuhou's heir, his brother Zhongzong, under the domination of a ...
- Zhou
- last sovereign (c. 1075-46 BC) of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC), who, according to legend, lost his empire because of his extreme debauchery. To please his concubine, Daji, Zhou is said to have built a lake of wine around ...
- Zhou Da-guan
- (from the article "Angkor") In the late 13th century, according to a vivid account by the Chinese commercial envoy Zhou Daguan, Angkor was still a large, thriving metropolis and one of the most magnificent capitals in all Asia. Nevertheless, by then the great building ...
- Zhou Dunyi
- Chinese philosopher considered the most important precursor of Neo-Confucianism, the ethical and metaphysical system that became the officially sponsored mode of thought in China for almost 1,000 years. Ideas he derived from Neo-Daoism led him to a reformulation of Confucianism. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhou dynasty
- (1046-256 BC), dynasty that ruled ancient China for almost a millennium, establishing the distinctive political and cultural characteristics that were to be identified with China for the next 2,000 years. The beginning date of the Zhou has long been debated. ... [29 Related Articles]
- Zhou Enlai
- leading figure in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and premier (1949-76) and foreign minister (1949-58) of the People's Republic of China, who played a major role in the Chinese Revolution and later in the conduct of China's foreign relations. He ... [9 Related Articles]
- Zhou Fang
- with the older Zhang Xuan, one of the two most famous figure painters of the Tang dynasty (618-907). [1 Related Articles]
- Zhou Qiang
- (from the article "The Environment") ...the United Arab Emirates, Pres. Thabo Mbeki and the people of South Africa, Patriarch Bartholomew of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Julia Carabias Lillo of Mexico, Sheila Watt-Cloutier of Canada, and Zhou Qiang and the All-China Youth Federation.
- Zhou Yang
- Chinese literary critic and theorist who introduced Marxist theories of literature to China. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhou Zuoren
- Chinese essayist, critic, and literary scholar who translated fiction and myths from many languages into vernacular Chinese. He was the most important Chinese essayist of the 1920s and 1930s.
- Zhoucun
- (from the article "Zibo") ...central Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. The municipality is a regional city complex made up of five major towns: Zhangdian (Zibo), Linzi, Zhoucun, Zichuan, and Boshan. Each is now a district of the municipality. Zhangdian, in the ...
- Zhougong
- major political figure who solidified the power of the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 BCE) in its early years. Confucius esteemed Zhougong as a paragon for later Chinese rulers and ministers. [2 Related Articles]
- Zhoukou
- city, eastern Henan sheng (province), east-central China. The city is situated on the upper course of the Ying River, a tributary of the Huai River, at its confluence with the Sha and Jialu rivers. These rivers are ...
- Zhoukoudian
- archaeological site near the village of Zhoukoudian, Beijing municipality, China, 26 miles (42 km) southwest of the central city. The site, including some four residential areas, has yielded the largest known collection of fossils of the extinct hominin [4 Related Articles]
- Zhouli
- one of three ancient ritual texts listed among the Nine, Twelve, and Thirteen Classics of Confucianism. Though tradition ascribed the text to the political figure Zhougong (flourished 12th century BC), the work is considered by modern scholars to have been ... [2 Related Articles]
- Zhoushan Archipelago
- group of more than 400 islands off the northern coast of Zhejiang province, eastern China. The administrative centre of the archipelago is at Dinghai, the main town on Zhoushan Island. Daishan Island lies north of Zhoushan Island. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhovtneve
- (from the article "Mykolayiv") ...centres of Ukraine. The city also has a wide range of other engineering and consumer-goods industries. An alumina-processing plant utilizing imported bauxite was built in the 1970s in the suburb of Zhovtneve. Mykolayiv is a modern city in appearance, laid ...
- zhu
- ancient Chinese struck half-tube zither, now obsolete. Early forms had five strings that appear to have been struck with a bamboo stick. The instrument was narrow and slightly convex on top, and the strings were passed over bridges (possibly movable) ...
- Zhu Da
- Buddhist monk who was, with Shitao, one of the most famous Individualist painters of the early Qing period. [2 Related Articles]
- Zhu De
- one of China's greatest military leaders and the founder of the Chinese communist army. [4 Related Articles]
- Zhu Rongji
- Chinese politician who was a leading economic reformer in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was premier of China from 1998 to 2003. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhu Shijie
- Chinese mathematician who stood at the pinnacle of traditional Chinese mathematics. Zhu is also known for having unified the southern and northern Chinese mathematical traditions. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhu Shunshui
- Chinese scholar and patriot who fled China after the destruction of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). Arriving in Japan, he became one of the primary compilers of the Dai Nihon shi ("History of Great Japan"), a comprehensive rewriting ...
- Zhu Wen
- Chinese general who usurped the throne of the last emperor of the Tang dynasty (618-907) and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Hou (Later) Liang dynasty (907-923). [2 Related Articles]
- Zhu Xi
- Chinese philosopher whose synthesis of neo-Confucian thought long dominated Chinese intellectual life. [24 Related Articles]
- Zhu Yihai
- (from the article "China") ...Their so-called Nan (Southern) Ming dynasty principally included the prince of Fu (Zhu Yousong, reign name Hongguang), the prince of Tang (Zhu Yujian, reign name Longwu), the prince of Lu (Zhu Yihai, no reign name), and the prince of Gui ...
- Zhu Yizun
- Chinese scholar and poet who helped revive the ci song form during the early Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12).
- Zhu Youlang
- claimant to the Ming throne after the Manchu forces of Manchuria had captured the Ming capital at Beijing and established the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). [1 Related Articles]
- Zhu Yousong
- (from the article "China") ...loyalists ineffectively resisted the Qing (Manchu) dynasty from various refuges in the south for a generation. Their so-called Nan (Southern) Ming dynasty principally included the prince of Fu (Zhu Yousong, reign name Hongguang), the prince of Tang (Zhu Yujian, reign ...
- Zhu Yujian
- ruler of Fujian province in southeastern China after the Manchu forces of Manchuria (Northeast China) captured the Ming capital at Beijing and established the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). He was also a claimant to the Ming throne. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhuang
- largest ethnic minority of South China, chiefly occupying the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi (created 1958) and Wenshan in Yunnan province. They numbered some 16 million in the early 21st century. The Zhuang speak two closely related Tai dialects, one ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zhuang language
- language spoken by the Zhuang people, an official minority group of southern China, mostly in the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi. The dialects spoken in northern Guangxi belong to the Northern branch of the Tai language family and are known ...
- Zhuang Su
- (from the article "Xia Gui") ...and being awarded the highest honour a court painter could receive, the Golden Belt. The earliest source of information on him, however, a collection of painters' biographies compiled in 1298 by Zhuang Su and titled Huaji Buyi, ...
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