| | - Zhang Zai
- realist philosopher of the Song dynasty, a leader in giving neo-Confucianism a metaphysical and epistemological foundation. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhang Zhidong
- Chinese classicist and provincial official, one of the foremost reformers of his time. [7 Related Articles]
- Zhang Ziping
- Chinese author of popular romantic fiction and a founder of the Creation Society, a literary association devoted to the propagation of romanticism.
- Zhang Ziyi
- Young Chinese film actress Zhang Ziyi continued her rise to international stardom in 2005 with her leading role in the epic romance Memoirs of a Geisha, the motion-picture adaptation of Arthur Golden's best-selling 1997 novel. Produced by Steven Spielberg and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zhang Zuolin
- Chinese soldier and later a warlord who dominated Manchuria (now Northeast China) and parts of North China between 1913 and 1928. He maintained his power with the tacit support of the Japanese; in return he granted them concessions in Manchuria. [8 Related Articles]
- Zhangdi
- posthumous name (shi) of an emperor (reigned AD 75-88) of the Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220), whose reign marked the beginning of the dissipation of Han rule. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhangguangcai Mountains
- (from the article "China") To the southeast of the Northeast Plain is a series of ranges comprising the Changbai, Zhangguangcai, and Wanda mountains, which in Chinese are collectively known as the Changbai Shan, or "Forever White Mountains"; broken by occasional open valleys, they reach ...
- Zhangshu
- city, north-central Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. It lies along the Gan River some 47 miles (75 km) southwest of Nanchang, the provincial capital.
- Zhangzhou
- city, southeastern Fujian sheng (province), China. The city is situated on the north bank of the Xi River, some 25 mi (40 km) upstream from Xiamen (Amoy) in the small alluvial plain formed by the Xi and ...
- Zhanjiang
- city and major port, southwestern Guangdong sheng (province), China. It is located on Zhanjiang Bay on the eastern side of the Leizhou Peninsula, where it is protected by Naozhou and Donghai islands. [2 Related Articles]
- Zhao
- ancient Chinese feudal state, one of the seven powers that achieved ascendancy during the Warring States (Zhanguo) period (475-221 BCE) of Chinese history. In 403 BCE Zhao Ji, the founder of Zhao, and the leaders of the states of Wei ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zhao Bingwen
- (from the article "Confucianism") ...in the Southern Song, the Jin scholar-officials continued the classical, artistic, literary, and historiographic traditions of the North and developed a richly textured cultural form of their own. Zhao Bingwen's (1159-1232) combination of literary talent and moral concerns and Wang ...
- Zhao Gao
- Chinese eunuch who conspired to seize power on the death of Shihuangdi, first emperor of the Qin dynasty (221-207 BCE). His action eventually led to the downfall of the dynasty. [1 Related Articles]
- Zhao Hongbo
- (from the article "Ice Skating") Chinese pairs skater Zhao Hongbo knelt on the ice to propose marriage to Shen Xue, his skating partner of 15 years, after their gold-medal performance at the worlds, but Shen did not recognize his intention. Zhao later proposed in a ...
- Zhao Mengfu
- Chinese painter and calligrapher who, though occasionally condemned for having served in the foreign Mongol court (Yuan dynasty, 1206-1368), has been honoured as an early master within the tradition of the literati painters (wenrenhua), who sought personal ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zhao Rukuo
- Chinese trade official whose two-volume work Zhufan zhi ("Description of the Barbarians") is one of the best-known and most wide-ranging accounts of foreign places and goods at the time of the Song dynasty (960-1279).
- Zhao Shuli
- Chinese novelist and short-story writer. [1 Related Articles]
- zhao style
- (from the article "calligraphy") ...until around 1350, when the rounded, fluent style of the Chinese calligrapher Zhao Mengfu, of the Yuan dynasty, was introduced and became the vogue. Since that time the zhao style has remained the basic undercurrent in Korean ...
- Zhao Tuo
- (from the article "Nam Viet") ...in 207 BC, during the breakup of the Ch'in dynasty (221-206 BC), when the Ch'in governor of Yueh (now Kwangtung and Kwangsi provinces) declared his territory independent. His son Chao T'o (Trieu Da) expanded the new kingdom southward, incorporating the ...
- Zhao Yong
- (from the article "Zhao Mengfu") ...simplified colour and compositions and a schematic, even childlike, rendering of forms and scale. His works often display a great variety of brushwork. Zhao's wife, Guan Daosheng, and his son, Zhao Yong (born 1289), were both painters of note.
- Zhao Youqin
- Chinese astronomer, mathematician, and Daoist who calculated the value of pi, constructed astronomical instruments, conducted experiments with a camera obscura, and compiled an influential astronomical compendium.
- Zhao Yuanren
- (from the article "Chinese languages") ...it received formal backing from the government, but World War II stopped further progress.) In 1929 a National Romanization, worked out by the author and language scholar Lin Yutang, the linguist Zhao Yuanren, and others, was adopted. This attempt also ...
- Zhao Ziyang
- premier of China (1980-87) and general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (1987-89). [2 Related Articles]
- zhao'an
- (from the article "China") ...for adequate military forces. Neither conscription nor recruitment would suffice. Because his position was militarily weak but financially strong, Gaozong adopted the zhao'an policy, which offered peace to the various roving bands. The government granted them legitimate ...
- Zhaodi
- (from the article "China") ...and violent fighting erupted in Chang'an in 91, and the two families were almost eliminated. A compromise was reached just before Wudi's death, whereby an infant-known by his posthumous name Zhaodi (reigned 87-74)-who came from neither family was chosen to ...
- Zhaohui
- famous Qing dynasty general who played a prominent part in the conquest of East Turkistan (now Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, China).
- Zhaoqing
- city, western Guangdong sheng (province), China. It lies on the north bank of the Xi River, 50 miles (80 km) west of the provincial capital of Guangzhou (Canton), just above the famous Lingyang Gorge, commanding the river ...
- Zhaozong
- (from the article "Zhu Wen") ...there ensued a struggle for control of North China between Zhu Wen and the Turkish general Li Keyong (d. 908), who had defeated Huang Chao. Zhu Wen emerged victorious and forced the Tang emperor, Zhaozong, to move the capital from ...
- Zhdanov, Andrey Aleksandrovich
- Soviet government and Communist Party official. [9 Related Articles]
- Zhdanovshchina
- cultural policy of the Soviet Union during the Cold War period following World War II, calling for stricter government control of art and promoting an extreme anti-Western bias. Originally applied to literature, it soon spread to other arts and gradually ... [3 Related Articles]
- Zhe school
- group of conservative, academic Chinese painters who worked primarily in the 15th century, during the Ming dynasty. These painters specialized in large and decorative paintings that perpetuated the styles and interests of the Southern Song (1127-1279) academy of painting and ... [6 Related Articles]
- Zhejiang school
- (from the article "Huang Zongxi") ...of scholarly pursuit. Although his range of interests included mathematics, geography, calendrical science, literature, and philosophy, he is best known as a historian and founder of the eastern Zhejiang school, which attempted to develop objective rather than personal and moral ...
- Zhelev, Zheliu
- (from the article "Bulgaria") ...groups had taken advantage of the country's new freedoms to organize opposition political parties. Many of these joined the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), a coalition led by the sociologist Zheliu Zhelev. By the spring of 1990, at a roundtable ...
- Zheleznogorsk
- city, Kursk oblast (province), western Russia. It is located 80 miles (130 km) northwest of Kursk city and was founded in 1958 in connection with the development of the KMA (Kursk Magnetic Anomaly), one of the Soviet Union's largest iron-ore-mining ...
- Zheling
- (from the article "Nan Mountains") ...major passes cross the range: the Xiang-Guilin, traversed by the Ling Canal, which affords an easy passage from southern Hunan to Guilin and eastern Guangxi, the chief route in early times; the Zheling, northwest of Shaoguan, which connects Hunan with ...
- Zhelyabov, Andrey Ivanovich
- Russian revolutionary and a leading Narodnik.
- zheng
- Chinese plucked board zither roughly 47 inches (120 cm) long and 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Its resonator is galley-shaped, and in cross section the top is curved and the bottom flat. The strings are stretched over the surface, fastened ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zheng Bijian
- (from the article "China") ...potential to undermine those very important pillars of Chinese foreign relations. In November 2003, speaking to the Boao Forum-an international symposium on the global economic future-Zheng Bijian, head of the Central Party School and senior adviser to President Hu, outlined ...
- Zheng Chenggong
- pirate leader of Ming forces against the Manchu conquerors of China, best known for establishing Chinese control over Taiwan. [6 Related Articles]
- Zheng He
- admiral and diplomat who helped to extend Chinese maritime and commercial influence throughout the regions bordering the Indian Ocean. [6 Related Articles]
- Zheng Jing
- (from the article "Zheng Chenggong") His son, Zheng Jing, used the Taiwan base to sustain the anti-Qing struggle for another 20 years. But after his death in 1681, the Zheng kingdom on Taiwan fell to a Qing invasion fleet in 1683. This defeat ended the ...
- Zheng Qiao
- great historian of the Song dynasty (960-1279). He wrote the Tongzhi ("General Treatises"), a famous institutional history of China from its beginnings through the Tang dynasty (618-907). In this work he discussed subjects such as philology, phonetics, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Zheng Zhenduo
- literary historian of Chinese vernacular literature who was instrumental in promoting the "new literature" of 20th-century China.
- Zheng Zhilong
- Chinese pirate leader who achieved great power in the transitional period between the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911/12) dynasties. [2 Related Articles]
- Zheng Zuoxin
- Chinese ornithologist who was considered one of the greatest ornithologists in the world and the founder of modern Chinese ornithology; his A Synopsis of the Avifauna of China was published in English in 1987 (b. Nov. 18, 1906, Fuzhou, China--d. ...
- Zhengde
- reign name (nianhao) of the 11th emperor (reigned 1505-21) of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), during whose reign eunuchs achieved such power within the government that subsequent rulers proved unable to dislodge them. [2 Related Articles]
- Zhengding
- town, western Hebei sheng (province), China. The town has been strategically important throughout history, being situated on the edge of the North China Plain at the foot of the Taihang Mountains and commanding the approaches to one ...
- zhengming
- (from the article "Lunyu") ...zhongyong ("doctrine of the mean"), li ("proper conduct"), and zhengming ("adjustment to names"). The last inculcates the notion that all phases of a person's conduct should correspond to the true significance ...
- Zhengtong
- reign name (nianhao) of the sixth and eighth emperor (reigned 1435-49 and 1457-64) of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), whose court was dominated by eunuchs who weakened the dynasty by a disastrous war with Mongol tribes. In 1435 ... [4 Related Articles]
- Zhengzhou
- city and capital of Henan sheng (province), China. Located in the north-central part of the province, it is situated to the south of the Huang He (Yellow River) where its valley broadens into the great plain and ... [3 Related Articles]
- Zhenjiang
- city and port, southern Jiangsu sheng (province), China, situated on the southern bank of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). It was capital of the province in 1928-49. Pop. (2002 est.) 536,137; (2007 est.) urban agglom., 854,000.
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