Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Yoshida Shigeru ... Youngstown

Yoshida Shigeru: Japanese political leader who served several terms as prime minister of Japan during most of the critical transition period after World War II, when Allied troops occupied the country and Japan was attempting to build new democratic institutions.
Yoshida Tetsuro: Japanese architect who spread knowledge of Japan's architecture to the West and at the same time introduced Western motifs in his own works.
Yoshikawa Eiji: Japanese novelist who achieved the first rank among 20th-century writers both for his popularized versions of classical Japanese literature and for his own original novels.
Yoshino Sakuzo: Japanese Christian politician and educator who was a leader in the movement to further democracy in Japan in the early part of the 20th century.
Yoshkar-Ola: city and capital of Mari El republic, western Russia, on the Malaya (little) Kokshaga River. Yoshkar-Ola was founded in 1578, and in 1584 the fortress of Tsaryovokokshaysk was built there by Tsar Boris Godunov. Its remoteness from lines of communication ...
Yosu: city, Cholla-nam do (province), on Yosu Peninsula, extreme southern South Korea. Such large islands as Namhae, Dolsan, and Kumo protect its natural port. The Korean navy headquarters was located there during the Yi dynasty (1392-1910) before being moved to T'ongjeyong ...
you: type of Chinese bronze container for wine that resembled a bucket with a swing handle and a knobbed lid. It was produced during the Shang (18th-12th century BC) and early Zhou (1111-c. 900 BC) periods.
Youghal: urban district, market town, and fishing port on the west side of the Blackwater Estuary in County Cork, Ireland. It is possible that Danes originally occupied Youghal, but the first known history is that of the establishment of a baronial ...
Youghiogheny River: river rising in Preston county, W.Va., U.S., at Backbone Mountain, near the western edge of Maryland. It flows past Connellsville, Pa., to enter the Monongahela River at McKeesport, Pa., after a course of 135 miles (217 km). The Youghiogheny is ...
Youmans, Vincent: American songwriter best known for writing the scores for the musicals No, No, Nanette (1925), Hit the Deck (1927), and the first Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers vehicle, Flying Down to Rio (1933).
Young: town, south-central New South Wales, Australia, on Burrangong Creek and the Western Slopes of the Great Dividing Range. The first settlement in 1830 was a sheep station. Known as Lambing Flat, the locality was the scene in 1860 of anti-Chinese ...
Young America Movement: philosophical, economic, spiritual, and political concept in vogue in the United States during the mid-1840s and early 1850s. Taking as its inspiration the European youth movements of the 1830s, Young America flowered a decade later in the United States. Characterized ...
Young Christian Workers: Roman Catholic movement begun in Belgium in 1912 by Father (later Cardinal) Joseph Cardijn; it attempts to train workers to evangelize and to help them adjust to the work atmosphere in offices and factories. Organized on a national basis in ...
Young Germany: a social reform and literary movement in 19th-century Germany (about 1830-50), influenced by French revolutionary ideas, which was opposed to the extreme forms of Romanticism and nationalism then current. The name was first used in Ludolf Wienbarg's Asthetische Feldzuge ("Aesthetic ...
Young Ireland: Irish nationalist movement of the 1840s. Begun by a group of Irish intellectuals who founded and wrote for the Nation, the movement advocated the study of Irish history and the revival of the Irish (Gaelic) language as a means of ...
Young Italy: movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831 to work for a united, republican Italian nation. Attracting many Italians to the cause of independence, it played an important role in the Risorgimento (struggle for Italian unification).
Young Maori Party: association of educated, westernized Maori of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, dedicated to bringing about a degree of cultural assimilation of the Maori nation to the dominant pakeha (white) culture of New Zealand. The party was organized in ...
Young Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Association: Jewish community organization in various countries that provides a wide range of cultural, educational, recreational, and social activities for all age groups in Jewish communities. The goals of the YM-YWHA are to prepare the young for participation in a democratic ...
Young Men's Christian Association: nonsectarian, nonpolitical Christian lay movement that aims to develop high standards of Christian character through group activities and citizenship training. It originated in London in 1844, when 12 young men, led by George Williams, an employee in, and subsequently the ...
Young New Zealand Party: parliamentary group that became most palpable as a vigorous faction within the parliamentary opposition to the Conservative government of Harry Albert Atkinson (1887-90) and that provided the Liberal Party with many of its future major figures. Prominent in the party ...
Young Ottomans: secret Turkish nationalist organization formed in Istanbul in June 1865. A forerunner of other Turkish nationalist groups (see Young Turks), the Young Ottomans favoured converting the Turkish-dominated multinational Ottoman Empire into a more purely Turkish state and called for the ...
Young Plan: (1929), second renegotiation of Germany's World War I reparation payments. A new committee, chaired by the American Owen D. Young, met in Paris on Feb. 11, 1929, to revise the Dawes Plan of 1924. Its report (June 7, 1929), accepted ...
Young Poland movement: diverse group of early 20th-century Neoromantic writers brought together in reaction against Naturalism and Positivism. Inspired by Polish Romantic writers and also by contemporary western European trends such as Symbolism, they sought to revive the unfettered expression of feeling and ...
Young Tunisians: political party formed in 1907 by young French-educated Tunisian intellectuals in opposition to the French protectorate established in 1883.
Young Turks: coalition of various reform groups that led a revolutionary movement against the authoritarian regime of Ottoman sultan Abdulhamid II, which culminated in the establishment of a constitutional government. After their rise to power, the Young Turks introduced programs that promoted ...
Young Women's Christian Association: nonsectarian Christian organization that aims "to advance the physical, social, intellectual, moral, and spiritual interests of young women." The recreational, educational, and spiritual aspects of its program are symbolized in its insignia, a blue triangle the three sides of which ...
Young's experiment: classical investigation into the nature of light, an investigation that provided the basic element in the development of the wave theory and was first performed by the English physicist and physician Thomas Young in 1801. In this experiment, Young identified ...
Young's modulus: numerical constant, named for the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young, that describes the elastic properties of a solid undergoing tension or compression in only one direction, as in the case of a metal rod that after being stretched ...
Young, Andrew: American politician, civil-rights leader, and clergyman.
Young, Art: satiric American cartoonist and crusader whose cartoons expressed his human warmth as well as his indignation at injustice.
Young, Arthur: prolific English writer on agriculture, politics, and economics. Besides his books on agricultural subjects, he was the author of the famous Travels in France (or Travels During the Years 1787, 1788 and 1789, Undertaken More Particularly with a View of ...
Young, Brigham: American religious leader, second president of the Mormon church, and colonizer who significantly influenced the development of the American West.
Young, Charles Augustus: American astronomer who made the first observations of the flash spectrum of the Sun, during the solar eclipses of 1869 and 1870.
Young, Chic: U.S. cartoonist who created the comic strip "Blondie," which, by the 1960s, was syndicated in more than 1,500 newspapers throughout the world.
Young, Coleman: American politician, who was the first African American mayor of Detroit, Michigan (1974-93).
Young, Cy: professional U.S. baseball player, winner of more major league games than any other pitcher. His victory total is variously given as 509 or 511, the sum of his defeats 313, 315, or 316. In each of 16 seasons (14 consecutive, ...
Young, Edward: English poet, dramatist, and literary critic, author of The Complaint: or, Night Thoughts (1742-45), a long, didactic poem on death. The poem was inspired by the successive deaths of his stepdaughter, in 1736; her husband, in 1740; and Young's wife, ...
Young, Ella Flagg: American educator who, as Chicago's superintendent of schools, became the first woman to achieve that administrative status in a major American school system.
Young, Francis Brett: English novelist and poet who, although at times sentimental and long-winded, achieved wide popularity for his considerable skill as a storyteller. Among his best known novels, many of which are set in his native Worcestershire, are The Dark Tower (1914), ...
Young, John W: U.S. astronaut who participated in the Gemini, Apollo, and space shuttle projects. He served as Virgil Grissom's co-pilot on Gemini 3 (1965), the first U.S. two-man space flight.
Young, Lester: American tenor saxophonist who emerged in the mid-1930s Kansas City, Mo., jazz world with the Count Basie band and introduced an approach to improvisation that provided much of the basis for modern jazz solo conception.
Young, Loretta: American motion picture actress noted for her ethereal beauty and refined, controlled portrayals of virtuous and wholesome women.
Young, Marguerite: American writer best known for Miss MacIntosh, My Darling (1965), a mammoth, many-layered novel of illusion and reality.
Young, Neil: Canadian guitarist, singer, and songwriter best known for his eclectic sweep, from solo folkie to grungy guitar-rocker.
Young, Owen D.: U.S. lawyer and businessman best known for his efforts to solve reparations issues after World War I.
Young, Thomas: English physician and physicist who established the principle of interference of light and thus resurrected the century-old wave theory of light. He was also an Egyptologist who helped decipher the Rosetta Stone (see ).
Young, Whitney M, Jr.: articulate U.S. civil rights leader who spearheaded the drive for equal opportunity for blacks in U.S. industry and government service during his 10 years as head of the National Urban League (1961-71), the world's largest social-civil rights organization. His advocacy ...
Younger Brothers: four Midwestern American outlaws of the post-Civil War era-Thomas Coleman ("Cole"; 1844-1916), John (1846-74); James ("Jim"; 1850-1902), and Robert ("Bob"; 1853-89)-who were often allied with Jesse James.
Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward: British army officer and explorer whose travels, mainly in northern India and Tibet, yielded major contributions to geographical research; he also forced the conclusion of the Anglo-Tibetan Treaty (September 6, 1904) that gained Britain long-sought trade concessions.
Youngina: extinct genus of primitive reptiles found as fossils in Late Permian deposits of South Africa (the Permian Period began 286 million years ago and lasted 41 million years). Youngina is representative of the eosuchians, a basic reptilian stock that gave ...
Youngstown: city, Mahoning and Trumbull counties, seat (1876) of Mahoning County, northeastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Mahoning River, near the Pennsylvania border, and is equidistant (65 miles [105 km]) from Cleveland (northwest) and Pittsburgh (southeast). Youngstown is the heart ...