Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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sanguine ... Santa Barbara

sanguine: chalk or crayon drawing done in a blood-red, reddish, or flesh colouring. The pigment employed is usually a chalk or clay containing some form of iron oxide. Sanguine was used extensively by 15th- and 16th-century artists such as Leonardo da ...
sanhedrin: any of several official Jewish councils in Palestine under Roman rule, to which various political, religious, and judicial functions have been attributed. Taken from the Greek word for council (synedrion), the term was apparently applied to various bodies but became ...
Sanibel Island: barrier island, Lee county, southwestern Florida, U.S., about 20 miles (30 km) southwest of Fort Myers. It lies between the Intracoastal Waterway (north) and the Gulf of Mexico (south) and is connected to the mainland by a causeway. The island ...
sanidine: alkali feldspar mineral, a high-temperature form of potassium aluminosilicate (KAlSi₃O₈) that sometimes occurs in surface rocks. Sanidine forms colourless or white, glassy, transparent crystals in acidic volcanic rocks.
sanidinite facies: one of the major divisions of the mineral facies classification of metamorphic rocks, the rocks of which form under the most intense conditions of contact metamorphism-either at the contacts of igneous intrusions with the surrounding rocks or in inclusions of ...
sanitary landfill: method of controlled disposal of refuse on land. The method was introduced in England in 1912 (where it is called controlled tipping) and involves natural fermentation brought about by microorganisms. Usually the refuse is deposited in shallow layers, compacted, and ...
Sanjar: in full Mu'izz Ad-din Sanjar Seljuq prince of Khorasan from c. 1096 to 1157, whose fame almost eclipses that of the "Great Seljuqs" because of the length of his reign, his power and victories in its first half, his disasters ...
Sanjo: city, central Niigata ken (prefecture), north-central Honshu, Japan. It lies in the deltaic lowlands of the Shinano River, about 20 miles (32 km) south of Niigata city. Sanjo was founded as a castle town in the 16th ...
Sanjo Sanetomi: radical court noble who was instrumental in the Meiji Restoration (1868), which ended the 264-year domination of Japan by the Tokugawa family and reestablished ruling authority with the emperor. After the restoration Sanjo became an important leader of the new ...
Sanjo, Go-: 71st emperor of Japan, whose abdication in favour of his son, Kidahito (the emperor Shirakawa), established a precedent for government by retired emperor, thereby contributing to the decline of the powerful Fujiwara clan.
Sanka: (Japanese: Mountain Cave), outcaste group of people in Japan. The Sanka are sometimes called the Japanese Gypsies, wandering in small bands through the mountainous regions of Honshu. They are not distinguishable in either physical type or language from the rest ...
Sankara: philosopher and theologian, most renowned exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy, from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived. He wrote commentaries on the Brahma-sutra and the principal Upanisads, affirming his belief in one ...
Sankaran Nair, Sir Chettur: Indian jurist and statesman who, despite his independent views and outspokenness, attained high government positions rarely open to Indians in his time. He simultaneously opposed the extreme Indian nationalist movement led by Mohandas K. Gandhi and its forcible suppression by ...
sankin kotai: system inaugurated in 1635 in Japan by the Tokugawa shogun (hereditary military dictator) Iemitsu by which the great feudal lords (daimyo) had to reside several months each year in the Tokugawa capital at Edo (modern Tokyo). When the lords returned ...
Sankt Gallen: town, capital of Sankt Gallen canton, northeastern Switzerland, in the Steinach Valley, just south of Lake Constance (Bodensee). In 612 the Celtic missionary St. Gall founded a hermitage on the site. Disciples joined him, and c. 720 the foundation became ...
Sankt Gallen: canton, northeastern Switzerland, bounded north by Lake Constance (Bodensee); east by the Rhine Valley, which separates it from the Austrian Vorarlberg Bundesland (federal state) and from Liechtenstein; south by the cantons of Graubunden, Glarus, and Schwyz; west by the canton ...
Sankt Michael: basilican church in Hildesheim, Ger., that was built between 1010 and 1033 under Bishop Bernward, famous teacher and confidant of the Holy Roman emperor Otto III. The church is one of the most important examples of Ottonian architecture. The church ...
Sankt Polten: city, Niederosterreich Bundesland (federal state), northeastern Austria. It lies along the Traisen River between the foothills of the Alps and the Danube River, west of Vienna. Once the site of the Roman settlement of Aelium Cetium, the town developed in ...
Sankt Veit: town, Karnten Bundesland (federal state), southern Austria. It lies along the Glan River north of Klagenfurt. Sankt Veit was the capital of the duchy of Karnten (Carinthia) until 1518. Its town hall dates from 1468 and its old ducal castle ...
Sankt Wolfgang: town, Oberosterreich Bundesland (federal state), central Austria. It lies on the east shore of Wolfgang (Aber) Lake in the Salzkammergut lake region, west of Bad Ischl. A cog, or rack, railway ascends the Schafberg (5,850 feet [1,783 m]) from the ...
Sankuru River: main tributary of the Kasai River (itself a tributary of the Congo River) in Congo (Kinshasa), central Africa. About 750 miles (1,200 km) long, it begins in the western highlands of Katanga (Shaba), where it is known as the Lubilash ...
Sanliurfa: city, southeastern Turkey. It lies in a fertile plain and is ringed by limestone hills on three sides. The city is very old and controls a strategic pass to the south through which runs a road used since antiquity to ...
Sanlucar de Barrameda: port city, Cadiz provincia, in the comunidad autonoma ("autonomous community") of Andalusia, southwestern Spain. It lies on the south bank of the Guadalquivir River estuary, north of Cadiz city. Built on the site of Luciferi-Fani, a Roman settlement, the town ...
Sanmicheli, Michele: Mannerist architect, especially noted for his original treatment of military fortifications.
Sannar Dam: dam impounding the Blue Nile River for irrigation at the town of Sannar in The Sudan. Completed in 1925, it is 9,925 feet (3,025 m) long with a maximum height of 130 feet (40 m) and irrigates cotton and other ...
Sannazzaro, Jacopo: Italian poet whose Arcadia was the first pastoral romance and, until the rise of the Romantic movement, one of the most influential and popular works of Italian literature.
Sanniquellie: town, north-central Liberia, located at the intersection of roads from Monrovia and Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast). A rural administrative centre among the Mano and Malinke (Mandingo), Sanniquellie has secondary schools and the George W. Harley Memorial Hospital. There is local ...
Sanno Ichijitsu Shinto: in Japanese religion, the syncretic school that combined Shinto with the teachings of the Tendai sect of Buddhism. Shinto-Buddhist syncretism developed from the Japanese concept that Shinto deities (kami) were manifestations of Buddhist divinities. The earliest of these schools, Ryobu ...
sannyasi: in Hinduism, a religious ascetic, one who has renounced the world, having achieved the fourth ashrama, or stage, of life. The name sannyasi also specifically designates an ascetic who pays particular allegiance to the god Siva, who is sometimes known ...
Sano: city, southern Tochigi ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. It is situated on the northern edge of the Kanto Plain, on the Watarase River, a tributary of the Ione River, about 45 miles (70 km) north of central ...
Sanron: school of Japanese Buddhism derived, by way of China, from the Indian Madhyamika school. See Madhyamika.
sans serif: in printing, a style of roman letter stripped of its serif-i.e., such embellishments as the vertical line at the end of the top right and lower left curved segments of the letter "s," the base line on which the lowercase ...
sansculotte: in the French Revolution, a label for the more militant supporters of that movement, especially in the years 1792 to 1795. Sansculottes presented themselves as members of the poorer classes or leaders of the common people, but during the Reign ...
Sansevieria: genus of ornamental foliage plants in the family Agavaceae, with more than 50 species variously known as bowstring hemp, snake plant, and leopard lily, native primarily to tropical Africa. They have short, thick roots and long, narrow basal leaves that ...
Sansi: nomadic criminal tribe originally located in the Rajputana area of northwestern India but expelled in the 13th century by Muslim invaders and now living in Rajasthan state as well as scattered throughout all of India. The Sansi claim Rajput descent, ...
Sansin: in Korean religion, a guardian spirit residing in mountains, whose cult has been closely associated with mountain tigers and is still fostered in Korean Buddhist temples. In early indigenous religion of Korea, worship of sacred mountains gradually gave way to ...
Sanskrit language: (Sanskrit samskrta: "prepared, cultivated, purified, refined"), Old Indo-Aryan language, the classical literary language of the Hindus of India. Vedic Sanskrit, based on a dialect of northwestern India, dates from as early as 1800 BC and appears in the text of ...
Sanskrit literature: body of writings produced by the Aryan peoples who entered the Indian subcontinent from the northwest, probably during the 2nd millennium BC. It developed as the vehicle of expression for the Brahmanical society that gradually established itself as the main ...
Sansom, William: writer of short stories, novels, and travel books who is considered particularly acute in his dissections of London life and scenes.
Sansovino, Andrea: Italian architect and sculptor whose works reflect the transition from early to High Renaissance.
Sansovino, Jacopo: sculptor and architect who introduced the style of the High Renaissance into Venice. In 1502 he entered the Florence workshop of the sculptor Andrea Sansovino and as a sign of admiration adopted his master's name. In 1505 he accompanied the ...
Sant'Ambrogio Basilica: basilica in Milan, Italy, that is an outstanding example of Lombard Romanesque architecture. Although the church was originally built between 379 and 386, the earliest portions of the present structure date from the 9th and 10th centuries. The rebuilt vaulted ...
Sant'Angelo Bridge: ancient Roman bridge, probably the finest surviving in Rome itself, built over the Tiber by the emperor Hadrian (reigned 117-138 AD) to connect the Campus Martius with his mausoleum (later renamed Castel Sant'Angelo). The bridge was completed about AD 135. ...
Sant'Antioco Island: volcanic island in the Mediterranean Sea, situated just off the southwestern coast of Sardinia, Italy. It has an area of 42 square miles (108 square km), composed for the most part of rocky and uneven terrain, and rises to 889 ...
Sant'Elia, Antonio: Italian architect notable for his visionary drawings of the city of the future.
Santa Ana: city, western El Salvador. Santa Ana is situated in a basin between mountains at an altitude of 2,182 feet (665 m). It is located on the Inter-American Highway, a section of the Pan-American Highway, at a point northwest of San ...
Santa Ana: city, seat (1889) of Orange county, southern California, U.S. It lies at the base of the Santa Ana Mountains, on the Santa Ana River. It was explored by the Spaniard Gaspar de Portola in 1769, and Juan Pablo Grijalva was ...
Santa Ana Mountains: segment of the Coast Ranges (see Pacific mountain system), southern California, U.S. The range extends for about 25 miles (40 km) from the Santa Ana River southward along the Orange-Riverside county line. Lying south and east of the city of ...
Santa Ana Volcano: mountain peak in southwestern El Salvador. The highest peak in the country, it rises to 7,749 feet (2,362 m). The volcano last erupted in 1920 and has a small sulfurous lake in its crater. Lake Coatepeque, a popular recreation area, ...
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de: army officer and statesman who was the storm centre of Mexico's politics during such events as the Texan revolt (1836) and the Mexican War (1846-48).
Santa Barbara: city, seat (1850) of Santa Barbara county, southwestern California, U.S. It lies along the Pacific coast at the base of the Santa Ynez Mountains, facing the Santa Barbara Channel. It is situated 97 miles (156 km) northwest of Los Angeles. ...