a disease arising from malignant epithelial cells in the kidneys. Renal cell carcinoma is responsible for about 85 percent of kidney cancers in adults.
any of the long narrow tubes in the kidney that concentrate and transport urine from the nephrons, the chief functioning units of the kidneys, to larger ducts that connect with the renal calyces, cavities in which urine gathers until it ...
filtration unit of vertebrate nephrons, functional units of the kidney. It consists of a knot of capillaries (glomerulus) surrounded by a double-walled capsule (Bowman's capsule) that opens into a tubule. Blood pressure forces plasma minus its macromolecules (e.g., proteins) from ...
cyst in the kidney. A cyst is an enclosed sac or pouch that usually contains liquid or semisolid material. Several different types of cysts develop in the kidneys. Solitary cysts contain liquids and may be partially filled with blood. They ...
chronic, probably hereditary disorder characterized by kidney dysfunction, bone-mineral loss and rickets-type deformities, calcifications in abnormal places, and overactivity of the parathyroid glands. Loss of calcium and retention of phosphorus occur because of the malfunctioning kidneys; this induces an overproduction ...
enlarged upper end of the ureter, the tube through which urine flows from the kidney to the urinary bladder. The pelvis, which is shaped somewhat like a funnel that is curved to one side, is almost completely enclosed in the ...
any of the triangular sections of tissue that constitute the medulla, or inner substance, of the kidney. The pyramids consist mainly of tubules that transport urine from the cortical, or outer, part of the kidney, where urine is produced, to ...
in humans, organ system that includes the kidneys, where urine is produced, and the ureters, bladder, and urethra for the passage, storage, and voiding of urine.
any of the diseases or disorders that affect the human excretory system. They include benign and malignant tumours, infections and inflammations, and obstruction by calculi.
guerrilla organization that sought to overthrow the government of Mozambique beginning in the late 1970s. Renamo was formed in 1976 by white Rhodesian officers who were seeking a way to keep newly independent Mozambique from supporting black guerrillas who were ...
French military engineer, chief builder of the first true dirigible; i.e., an airship that could be steered in any direction irrespective of wind and could return under its own power to its point of departure. In 1884 Renard and Arthur ...
French writer best known for Poil de carotte (1894; Carrots, 1946), a bitterly ironical account of his own childhood, in which a grim humour conceals acute sensibility. All his life, although happily married and the father of two children, Renard ...
French poet, author of romances of adventure, whose work rejected the fey atmosphere and serious morality that had distinguished the poetry of his predecessor Chretien de Troyes in favour of a half-nostalgic, half-flippant portrayal of high society-the idyllic picnic, the ...
hero of an Old French chanson de geste of the same name (also known as Les Quatre Fils Aymon ["The Four Sons of Aymon"]), whose story may contain elements of prehistoric myth and whose theme long survived in folktale and ...
major French automobile and motor carrier manufacturer. Controlled by the French government, it is the country's largest manufacturer and exporter of motor vehicles. Headquarters are in Boulogne-Billancourt.
town, Schleswig-Holstein Land (state), northern Germany. It lies on the Eider River and the Kiel Canal (there bridged), west of Kiel. An old fortress town on the Schleswig and Holstein border, it was first mentioned in 1199 ...
German tin-glazed earthenware produced between 1764 and 1772 in the town of Rendsburg at a factory founded by Caspar Lorenzen and Christian Friedrich Clar. The few surviving examples of this ware are mainly ornamental rather than utilitarian (cane handles and ...
duke of Bar (from 1434), duke of Anjou (from 1430), and count of Provence and of Piedmont. He was also titular king of Naples from 1435 to 1442 and duke consort of Lorraine from 1431 to 1453. He was the ...
royal burgh (town), Renfrewshire council area and historic county, southwestern Scotland, located in the northwest portion of the Glasgow metropolitan area near the right bank of the River Clyde. In 1164 Somerled, lord of the Western (Scottish) Isles, was defeated ...
council area and historic county, west-central Scotland, stretching along the south bank of the River Clyde in the north and along the shore of the Firth of Clyde in the west. It encompasses largely urbanized lowlands along the River Clyde ...
genre of Japanese linked-verse poetry in which two or more poets supplied alternating sections of a poem. The renga form began as the composition of a single tanka (a traditional five-line poem) by two ...
language of the North Bahnaric subbranch of Bahnaric, a branch of the Mon-Khmer family (itself a part of the Austroasiatic languages. Rengao is spoken by some 15,000 individuals in south-central Vietnam.
(Japanese: "Japanese Trade Union Confederation"), the largest national labour confederation in Japan. Founded in 1989, it absorbed its predecessors-Sohyo, Domei, Churitsu Roren, and others-and brought together both private- and public-sector unions. Ideologically moderate, Rengo aims to unify and mobilize noncommunist ...
enzyme secreted by the kidney (and also, possibly, by the placenta) that breaks down protein and produces a rise in blood pressure. In the blood, renin acts on a fraction of the plasma proteins and releases angiotensin I. Angiotensin II ...
gemeente (commune), Gelderland provincie, central Netherlands. Renkum is situated on the Lower Rhine (Neder Rijn) River, immediately west of Arnhem, and comprises the communities of Oosterbeek (the local government centre), Renkum, Doorwerth, Heelsum, and Wolfheze. The locality was especially associated ...
town, on the Murray River, southeastern South Australia, 130 miles (209 km) northeast of Adelaide. The site was first settled in 1887 by George and William Chaffey, Canadian-born irrigation engineers who had come to Australia via California. They received a ...
daily newspaper published in Beijing as the official organ of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The paper was established in 1948, toward the end of China's civil war, and has been based in Beijing since 1949.
German novelist, best known for Krieg (1928; War), a novel based on his World War I battle experiences, the narrator and principal character of which was named Ludwig Renn. The stark simplicity of the ...
southernmost of the Solomon Islands, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, 130 miles (209 km) south of Guadalcanal. An atoll 50 miles (80 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide, it comprises raised coral limestone (400 to 500 feet [120 ...
the leading British geographer of his time. Rennell constructed the first nearly accurate map of India and published A Bengal Atlas (1779), a work important for British strategic and administrative interests.
Social Democratic statesman, chancellor (1918-20, 1945) and president (1945-50) of Austria, who after World War I advocated the Anschluss (union) between Germany and Austria. He played a major role in reestablishing Austrian home rule after the end of the German ...
city, capital of Ille-et-Vilaine departement, Bretagne region, western France. It is situated at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers. The town was almost completely destroyed by fire in 1720 and was rebuilt from a plan that gave it ...
French tin-glazed earthenware, produced in Rennes, distinguished by the use of manganese purple. Most original products have an extreme rocaille shape decorated with many naturalistic flowers. But the majority of the ware produced in the numerous factories of this Breton ...
Scottish civil engineer who built or improved canals, docks, harbours, and bridges throughout Britain. Three of his spans were built across the River Thames at London.
protein-digesting enzyme that curdles milk by transforming caseinogen into insoluble casein; it is found only in the fourth stomach of cud-chewing animals, such as cows. Its action extends the period in which milk is retained in the stomach of the ...
city, seat (1871) of Washoe county, western Nevada, U.S. The city lies on the Truckee River, near the California border and the Sierra Nevada foothills, amid magnificent and varied scenery. Adjacent to Reno is the city of Sparks. Reno's first ...
French film director, son of the Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir. His films, in both silent and later eras, were noted for their realism and strong narrative and include such classics as Grand Illusion (1937), The Rules of the Game (1939), ...
French painter originally associated with the Impressionist movement. His early works were typically Impressionist snapshots of real life, full of sparkling colour and light. By the mid-1880s, however, he had broken with the movement to apply a more disciplined, formal ...
the procedure in quantum field theory by which divergent parts of a calculation, leading to nonsensical infinite results, are absorbed by redefinition into a few measurable quantities, so yielding finite answers.
