brief booklet; in the UNESCO definition, it is an unbound publication that is not a periodical and contains no fewer than 5 and no more than 48 pages, exclusive of any cover.
ancient maritime district of southern Anatolia, originally a narrow strip of land that curved along the Mediterranean between Cilicia and Lycia but that, under Roman administration, included large parts of Pisidia to the north. The Pamphylians, a mixture of aboriginal ...
city, Norte de Santander departamento, northeastern Colombia. It is sited in the Andean Cordillera Oriental at an elevation of 7,503 feet (2,287 m), on the Pamplonita River. Founded in 1548, it was famed during the colonial era for its mineral ...
capital of Navarra provincia and comunidad autonoma ("autonomous community"), northeastern Spain. It lies on the western bank of the Arga River in the fertile La Cuenca region, just south of Bayonne, Fr. According to tradition, it was founded in 75 ...
in Greek mythology, a fertility deity, more or less bestial in form. He was associated by the Romans with Faunus (q.v.). Originally an Arcadian deity, his name is a Doric contraction of paon ("pasturer") but was commonly supposed in antiquity ...
type of Chinese bronze vessel produced during the Shang dynasty (c. 18th-12th century BC) and, more commonly, during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1111-256/255 BC). A low bowl or pan used as a water container or for ceremonial washing, the
quadrennial sports event for the nations of the Western Hemisphere, patterned after the Olympic Games and sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee. The games are conducted by the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO), or Organizacion Deportiva Panamericana (ODEPA), headquartered in ...
former American airline that was founded in 1927 and, up until the final two decades of the 20th century, had service to cities in many countries in North and South America, the Caribbean Islands, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle ...
Chinese scholar-official of the Eastern, or Later, Han dynasty and one of China's most noteworthy historians. His Han shu, or The History of the Former Han Dynasty, became the model most frequently used by later Chinese historians.
eminent Chinese official of the Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220) who is reported to have begun the famous Han shu ("Book of Han"), considered the Confucian historiographic model on which all later dynastic histories were patterned.
political organization of South African blacks who joined together to work for majority rule and equal rights. (Azania is an African name for South Africa.)
various meetings between representatives of some or all of the independent states of the Western Hemisphere (Canada usually excluded). Between 1826 and 1889, several meetings between American states were held to discuss problems of common defense and juridical matters. The ...
network of highways connecting North America and South America. Originally conceived in 1923 as a single route, the road grew to include a great number of designated highways in participating countries. The Inter-American Highway, from Nuevo Laredo, Mex., to Panama ...
shih (municipality) and seat of T'ai-pei hsien (county), northern Taiwan, 4 mi (7 km) southwest of Taipei city, in the northern part of the western coastal plain. Situated on the eastern bank of Tan-shui Ho (Tamsui River), it flourished in ...
movement whose goal was the political unification of all people speaking German or a Germanic language. Some of its adherents favoured the unification of only the German-speaking people of central and eastern Europe and the Low Countries (Dutch and Flemish ...
bowed-string instrument of China, especially popular in the northern regions. The bow is threaded between the two strings, which are stretched over a small bamboo bridge resting on a wooden soundboard. It is played in an upright position, and bowing ...
one of the most important sites yielding remains of the Painted Pottery, or Yang-shao, culture of late Neolithic China. Located in the northwestern Chinese province of Shensi, Pan-p'o-ts'un was excavated by members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1953 ...
an unsuccessful 19th-century movement for Scandinavian unity that enflamed passions during the Schleswig-Holstein crises. Like similar movements, Scandinavianism received its main impetus from philological and archaeological discoveries of the late 18th and the 19th century, which pointed to an early ...
19th-century movement that recognized a common ethnic background among the various Slav peoples of eastern and east central Europe and sought to unite those peoples for the achievement of common cultural and political goals. The Pan-Slav movement originally was formed ...
late 19th- and early 20th-century movement to unite politically and culturally all the Turkic, Tatar, and Uralic peoples living in Turkey and across Eurasia from Hungary to the Pacific. Its name is derived from Turan, the Persian word for Turkistan ...
political movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which had as its goal the political union of all Turkish-speaking peoples in the Ottoman Empire, Russia, China, Iran, and Afghanistan. The movement, which began among the Turks in the ...
town, capital of Goa state, western India, on the Mandavi River. It was a tiny village until the mid-18th century, when repeated plagues forced the Portuguese to abandon their capital of Velha Goa (Old Goa, or Ela). Panaji became the ...
country of Central America located on the Isthmus of Panama, the stretch of land that connects North and South America. It extends 29,157 square miles (75,517 square km)-larger than Ireland-of which 447 square miles (1,158 square km) are divided among ...
lock-type canal, owned and administered by the Republic of Panama, that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow Isthmus of Panama. The length of the Panama Canal from shoreline to shoreline is about 65 km (40 miles) and ...
capital of the Republic of Panama, located near the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal, on the Gulf of Panama. The site was originally an Indian fishing village; the name Panama means "many fish." The old city (Panama Viejo) was ...
city, seat (1913) of Bay county, northwestern Florida, U.S. It is the port of entry on St. Andrew Bay (an arm of the Gulf of Mexico), about 95 miles (150 km) east of Pensacola. The first English settlement (c. 1765), ...
a devastating disease caused by the soil-inhabiting fungus species Fusarium oxysporum variety cubense, which is widespread in Asia, Africa, Australia, the Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and wherever susceptible banana cultivars, such as 'Gros Michel,' are grown.
inlet of the Pacific Ocean, bordering the southern side of the Isthmus of Panama. It is 115 miles (185 km) across at its widest point and 100 miles (160 km) long. The gulf is relatively shallow and separates the mountain ...
land link extending east-west about 400 miles (640 km) from the border of Costa Rica to the border of Colombia. It connects North and South America and separates the Caribbean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) from the Gulf of Panama (Pacific Ocean). ...
small, bright yellow toad, often with a few black spots or blotches, that is found at moderate elevations in the central part of Panama. Considered to be one of the most beautiful frogs in Panama, where it is endangered and ...
group of mountains lying mainly in Inyo county, eastern California, U.S. The range forms the western wall of Death Valley. Elevations average 6,000 to 11,000 feet (2,000 to 3,000 metres); Telescope Peak, at 11,049 feet (3,368 metres), is the highest ...
tungsten mine, Castelo Branco distrito ("district"), central Portugal. Located in the Serra (mountains) da Estrela, it is about 5 miles (8 km) northwest of the village of Silvares. The mine is one of the leading producers of tungsten in the ...
in Greek religion, an annual Athenian festival of great antiquity and importance. It was eventually celebrated every fourth year with great splendour, probably in deliberate rivalry to the Olympic Games. The festival consisted solely of the sacrifices and rites proper ...
island, westernmost of the Visaya group, central Philippines, surrounded by the Sibuyan, Visayan, and Sulu seas; the Guimaras Strait to the southeast separates it from Negros. Roughly triangular in shape, it has an area of 4,446 square miles (11,515 square ...
early Hindu religious movement whose members worshiped the deified sage Narayana (who came to be identified with Lord Vishnu) and, in merger with the Bhagavata (q.v.) sect, formed the earliest sectarian movement within Hinduism. The new group was a forerunner ...
the Indonesian state philosophy, formulated by the Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno. It was first articulated on June 1, 1945, in a speech delivered by Sukarno to the preparatory committee for Indonesia's independence, which was sponsored by the Japanese during their ...
collection of Indian animal fables, which has had extensive circulation both in the country of its origin and throughout the world. In Europe the work was known under the name The Fables of Bidpai (for the narrator, an Indian sage, ...
the most important adjudicating and licensing agency in the self-government of an Indian caste. There are two types: permanent and impermanent. Literally, a panchayat (from Sanskrit panca, "five") consists of five members, but usually there are more; the panchayat has ...
any of the line of reincarnated lamas in Tibet, each of whom heads the influential Tashilhunpo Monastery (near Shigatse) and until recent times was second only to the Dalai Lama in spiritual authority within the dominant Dge-lugs-pa sect of Tibetan ...
town, southern El Salvador. It lies in the Pacific coastal range, just south of San Salvador. The population is made up primarily of descendants of Pipil Indians, who are noted for their handwoven textiles and for their traditional (pre-Columbian) dress ...
ancient Greek sports event that combined boxing and wrestling, introduced at the Xxxiii Olympiad (648 BC). Simple fisticuffs had been introduced in 688 BC. Particularly popular among Spartans, contests were savage, with hitting, kicking, twisting of limbs, strangling, and struggling ...
compound gland that discharges digestive enzymes into the gut and secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, vital in carbohydrate (sugar) metabolism, into the bloodstream.
a disease characterized by abnormal growth of cells in the pancreas, a 15-cm- (6-inch-) long gland located behind the stomach. The pancreas is primarily made up of two different tissues with separate functions: the exocrine pancreas, which secretes enzymes into ...
inflammation of the pancreas, either acute or chronic. The disorder is most commonly caused by excessive intake of alcohol, trauma, and obstruction of pancreatic ducts by gallstones. Inflammation is caused by the escape of pancreatic enzymes into the tissues of ...
(species Ailurus fulgens), reddish brown, long-tailed, raccoonlike mammal, about the size of a large cat, that is found in the mountain forests of the Himalayas and adjacent areas of eastern Asia and subsists mainly on bamboo and other vegetation, fruits, ...
bearlike mammal inhabiting bamboo forests in the mountains of central China. Its striking coat of black and white, combined with a bulky body and round face, gives it a captivating appearance that has endeared it to people worldwide. Some 1,600 ...
the screw-pine order of monocotyledonous flowering plants, containing the screw-pine family, Pandanaceae, with three genera of trees, shrubs, and vines. Members of the genus Pandanus (more than 650 species) produce from their trunks and branches stiltlike aerial prop roots that ...
