Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Paul Of Samosata ... Pavlovsk

Paul Of Samosata: heretical bishop of Antioch in Syria and proponent of a kind of dynamic monarchian doctrine on the nature of Jesus Christ (see Monarchianism). The only indisputably contemporary document concerning him is a letter written by his ecclesiastical opponents, according to ...
Paul Of The Cross, Saint: founder of the order of missionary priests known as the Passionists.
Paul Of Thebes, Saint: ascetic who is traditionally regarded as the first Christian hermit.
Paul Of Venice: Italian Augustinian philosopher and theologian who gained recognition as an educator and author of works on logic.
Paul The Deacon: Lombard historian and poet, whose Historia Langobardorum ("History of the Lombards") is the principal source on his people.
Paul V: Italian pope from 1605 to 1621.
Paul VI: Italian pope of the Roman Catholic church (reigned 1963-78) during a period including most of the second Vatican Council (1962-65) and the immediate postconciliar era, in which he issued directives and guidance to a changing Roman Catholic church. His pontificate ...
Paul, Acts of: one of the earliest of a series of pseudepigraphal (noncanonical) New Testament writings known collectively as the Apocryphal Acts. Probably written about AD 160-180, the Acts of Paul is an account of the Apostle Paul's travels and teachings. It includes, ...
Paul, Alice: American woman suffrage leader who introduced the first equal rights amendment campaign in the United States.
Paul, Les: American jazz and country guitarist and inventor.
Paul, Lewis: English inventor who devised the first power spinning machine, in cooperation with John Wyatt.
Paul, the Apostle, Saint: 1st-century Jew who, after first being a bitter enemy of Christianity, later became an important figure in its history.
Paul, Wolfgang: German physicist who shared one-half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1989 with the German-born American physicist Hans G. Dehmelt. (The other half of the prize was awarded to the American physicist Norman F. Ramsey.) Paul received his share ...
Paul-Boncour, Joseph: French leftist politician who was minister of labour, of war, and of foreign affairs and, for four years, France's permanent representative to the League of Nations.
Paulding, James Kirke: dramatist, novelist, and public official chiefly remembered for his early advocacy and use of native American material in literature.
Pauli exclusion principle: assertion that no two electrons in an atom can be at the same time in the same state or configuration, proposed (1925) by the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli to account for the observed patterns of light emission from atoms. The ...
Pauli, Wolfgang: Austrian-born physicist and recipient of the 1945 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery in 1925 of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that in an atom no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. This principle clearly ...
Paulician: member of a dualistic Christian sect that originated in Armenia in the mid-7th century. It was influenced most directly by the dualism of Marcionism, a Gnostic movement in early Christianity, and of Manichaeism, a Gnostic religion founded in the 3rd ...
Pauling, Linus: American theoretical physical chemist who became the only person to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes. His first prize (1954) was awarded for research into the nature of the chemical bond and its use in elucidating molecular structure; the second ...
Paulinus Of Nola, Saint: bishop of Nola and one of the most important Christian Latin poets of his time.
Paulinus, Saint: Italian missionary who converted Northumbria to Christianity, became the first bishop of York, and was later made archbishop of Rochester.
Paullus Macedonicus, Lucius Aemilius: Roman general whose victory over the Macedonians at Pydna ended the Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC).
Paulo Afonso: city, northeastern Bahia estado ("state"), northeastern Brazil, on the Sao Francisco River, at the site of the Paulo Afonso Falls. Made the seat of a municipality in 1958, Paulo Afonso is the transportation and commercial centre for its agricultural hinterland. ...
Paulo Afonso Falls: series of rapids and three cataracts in northeastern Brazil on the Sao Francisco River along the Bahia-Alagoas border. Lying 190 miles (305 km) from the river's mouth, the falls have a total height of 275 feet (84 m) and a ...
Paulownia Sun, Order of the: exclusive Japanese order, founded in 1888 by Emperor Meiji and awarded for outstanding civil or military merit. The order, awarded to males only, is seldom bestowed on anyone below the rank of admiral, general, or ambassador. Actually, this order, consisting ...
Pauls Valley: city, seat (1907) of Garvin county, south-central Oklahoma, U.S. The area, on the Washita River, was first settled by white North Carolinian Smith Paul, who arrived with a group of relocated Chickasaw Indians in 1837. He began to cultivate the ...
Paulus, Friedrich: German field marshal on the Eastern Front, whose capture at Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in early 1943 with his entire army became one of the turning points of World War II and contributed substantially to Germany's defeat.
pauraque: (Nyctidromus albicollis), nocturnal bird of brushlands from southern Texas to northern Argentina. It is a relative of the nightjar (q.v.), belonging to the family Caprimulgidae. The pauraque is about 30 cm (about 12 inches) long, with rounded wings and a ...
pauropod: any member of the class Pauropoda (phylum Arthropoda), a group of small, terrestrial invertebrates that superficially resemble tiny centipedes or millipedes. The approximately 380 known species are found worldwide under dead leaves, stones, and rotten wood. They feed chiefly on ...
Pausanias: Greek traveler and geographer whose Periegesis Hellados (Description of Greece) is an invaluable guide to ancient ruins.
Pausanias: Spartan commander during the Greco-Persian Wars who was accused of treasonous dealings with the enemy.
Paustovsky, Konstantin Georgiyevich: Soviet fiction writer best known for his short stories, which carried the pre-Revolutionary romantic tradition into the Soviet period.
pavane: (probably from Italian padovana, "Paduan"), majestic processional dance of the 16th- and 17th-century European aristocracy. Until about 1650 the pavane opened ceremonial balls and was used as a display of elegant dress. Adapted from the basse danse, an earlier court ...
Pavarotti, Luciano: Italian operatic lyric tenor, noted for his mastery of the highest notes of a tenor's range.
Pavelic, Ante: Croatian fascist leader and revolutionist who headed a Croatian state subservient to Germany and Italy during World War II.
pavement: in civil engineering, durable surfacing of a road, airstrip, or similar area. The primary function of a pavement is to transmit loads to the sub-base and underlying soil. Modern flexible pavements contain sand and gravel or crushed stone compacted with ...
Pavese, Cesare: Italian poet, critic, novelist, and translator, who introduced many modern U.S. and English writers to Italy.
Pavia: city, capital of Pavia province, Lombardia (Lombardy) region, northern Italy, on the left bank of the Ticino River, above its junction with the Po, 20 mi (32 km) south of Milan, with which it is connected by the Naviglio di ...
Pavia y Lacy, Manuel: Spanish general whose defeat in the Spanish Revolution of 1868 helped bring about the deposition of Queen Isabella II.
Pavia y Rodriguez de Alburquerque, Manuel: Spanish general whose coup d'etat ended Spain's First Republic (1873-74).
Pavia, Battle of: (Feb. 24, 1525), the decisive military engagement of the war in Italy between Francis I of France and the Habsburg emperor Charles V, in which the French army of 28,000 was virtually annihilated and Francis himself, commanding the French army, ...
Pavie, Auguste: French explorer and diplomat, who is best known for his explorations of the Upper Mekong Valley and for having almost single-handedly brought the kingdoms of Laos under French control.
pavilion: light temporary or semipermanent structure used in gardens and pleasure grounds. Although there are many variations, the basic type is a large, light, airy garden room with a high-peaked roof resembling a canopy. It was originally erected, like the modern ...
Pavlodar: city, northeastern Kazakstan. It is a port on the Irtysh (Ertis) River. The community was founded in 1720 as Koryakovsky outpost on the Russian Irtysh fortified line, near salt lakes. It became the town of Pavlodar in 1861, but, although ...
Pavlof Volcano: volcanic peak of the Aleutian Range, southwestern Alaska, U.S. Situated about 580 miles (930 km) southwest of Anchorage, on the west side of Pavlof Bay, it lies near the southwestern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Rising to more than 8,260 ...
Pavlohrad: city, Dnipropetrovsk oblast (province), Ukraine. A minor trading centre before the October Revolution (1917) and incorporated in 1797, it is now a major railway junction and centre of the west Donets Basin. Its varied industrial base includes the manufacture of ...
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich: Russian physiologist known chiefly for his development of the concept of the conditioned reflex. In a now-classic experiment, he trained a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was previously associated with the sight of food. ...
Pavlova, Anna: Russian ballerina, the most celebrated dancer of her time.
Pavlovian conditioning: a type of conditioned learning which occurs because of the subject's instinctive responses, as opposed to operant conditioning, which is contingent on the willful actions of the subject. It was developed by the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (q.v.). See ...
Pavlovo: city and administrative centre of Pavlovo rayon (sector), Nizhegorod oblast (province), western Russia, on the Oka River. Its metalworking industries are continuations of what was a long handicraft tradition in metal goods, though now the industry produces buses and tractor ...
Pavlovsk: city, Leningrad oblast (province), northwestern Russia. Founded in 1777 as Pavlovskoye, it became a city and was renamed Pavlovsk in 1796. The site, on the Slavyanka River, was a gift from Catherine II the Great to her son and heir, ...