Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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New Zealand ... Newman, Paul

New Zealand: an island nation in the South Pacific. New Zealand is a remote land. One of the last sizable territories suitable for habitation to be populated and settled, it lies more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Australia, its nearest ...
New Zealand Company: (1838-58), British joint-stock company responsible for much of the early settlement of New Zealand; it attempted to colonize in accordance with the theories of Edward Gibbon Wakefield (q.v.). Formed in the summer of 1838 after a parent New Zealand Association ...
New Zealand Labour Party: political party established in 1916 in a merger of various socialist and trade-union groups, including the Unified Labour Party (founded in 1910) and the Social Democratic Party (founded in 1913). It has traditionally been strongest among trade unionists and low-income ...
New Zealand literature: the body of literatures, both oral and written, produced in New Zealand.
New Zealand National Party: political party founded in 1936 in the merger of non-Labour groups, most notably the United Party and the Reform Party, two parties that had been in coalition since 1931. It supports free-market economic policies and draws votes heavily from suburban ...
New Zealand Political Reform League: conservative political party formed from various local and sectional organizations that took power in 1912, following a general election in 1911, and held control of the government until 1928. The Reform Party first acted as a united group in 1905, ...
New Zealand short-tailed bat: either of two species (M. robusta and M. tuberculata) of small bats that are the only species in the rare bat family Mystacinidae, which is found only in New Zealand. They are about 6-7 cm (2.4-2.8 inches) ...
New Zealand, Church of the Province of: an independent Anglican church that developed from missionary work begun in the 19th century. The first missionaries arrived in New Zealand from Australia in 1814. The work flourished, and in 1841 George Augustus Selwyn (1809-78) was appointed the first bishop ...
Newar: people of mixed descent who comprise about half the population of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. They speak a language belonging to the Tibeto-Burman family, but their culture has been strongly influenced by Indian religious and social institutions. The Newar ...
Newark: city, seat (1808) of Licking county, central Ohio, U.S. It lies at the junctions of the North and South forks of the Licking River and of Raccoon Creek, 30 miles (48 km) east of Columbus. Indian earthworks in the local ...
Newark: city, New Castle county, northern Delaware, U.S. It lies just west-southwest of Wilmington. The community developed in the late 1680s around the New Worke Quaker meetinghouse, which served as an early crossroads meeting place for travelers. Nearby Cooch's Bridge on ...
Newark: city and port, Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies on the west bank of the Passaic River and on Newark Bay, 8 miles (13 km) west of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. Puritans migrating from Connecticut founded ...
Newark and Sherwood: district, administrative and historic county of Nottinghamshire, central England, in the east-central part of the county. Newark and Sherwood district extends from the fertile, wide valley of the River Trent, centred on the town of Newark-on-Trent, in the east to ...
Newark-on-Trent: town, Newark and Sherwood district, administrative and historic county of Nottinghamshire, England. It lies along the River Trent at the crossing of the Roman Fosse Way with the modern Great North Road (A1). The earliest known occupation of the site ...
Newberg: city, Yamhill county, northwestern Oregon, U.S. It lies in the Willamette River valley, southwest of Portland. Founded in 1869 as the first Quaker settlement in the Pacific Northwest, it was named by one of the settlers for his German birthplace. ...
Newberry: county, central South Carolina, U.S., a hilly region of the Piedmont. The Broad River and its Parr Reservoir impoundment form part of the eastern border, and the Saluda River forms the southern border. In the southeastern corner is Dreher Island ...
Newbery Medal: annual award given to the author of the most distinguished American children's book of the previous year. It was established by Frederic G. Melcher of the R.R. Bowker Publishing Company and named for John Newbery, the 18th-century English publisher who ...
Newbolt, Sir Henry: English poet, best-known for his patriotic and nautical verse.
Newburgh: city, Orange county, southeastern New York, U.S. It lies on the west bank of the Hudson River (opposite Beacon), 58 miles (93 km) north of New York City. First settled by Germans from the Palatinate in 1709, it became a ...
Newburn: urban area, Newcastle upon Tyne metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, historic county of Northumberland, England. It lies on the western boundary of the Tyneside metropolitan area. A residential and manufacturing district, it has a large industrial estate. ...
Newbury: town, West Berkshire unitary authority, historic county of Berkshire, England. The town lies along the River Kennet, on the Kennet and Avon Canal. Much evidence of Roman occupation has been found on the site.
Newburyport: city, Essex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies at the mouth of the Merrimack River, 30 miles (48 km) north-northeast of Boston. Settled in 1635 (as part of Newbury), its location attracted early fishing, shipbuilding, and craft industries and led ...
Newcastle: town, Down district (established 1973), formerly in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies along Dundrum Bay, at the foot of Slieve Donard (2,796 feet [852 m]), which is the highest peak in the Mourne Mountains. The town is a popular ...
Newcastle: city, seat (1890) of Weston county, northeastern Wyoming, U.S., near the Black Hills and the South Dakota border. Founded in 1889 as the terminus of the Burlington Railroad and named for Newcastle upon Tyne, an English coal port, Newcastle was ...
Newcastle: town, seat (1786) of Northumberland county, New Brunswick, Canada. It lies 89 miles (143 km) northwest of Moncton. A port of entry opposite Chatham, near the mouth of the Miramichi River, it was founded in 1785 and was probably named ...
Newcastle: city and port, New South Wales, Australia. It lies at the mouth of the Hunter River, 104 miles (168 km) by rail northeast of Sydney.
Newcastle: town, northwestern KwaZulu/Natal province, South Africa. It lies at the foot of the Drakensberg mountains. The fourth British settlement in Natal, it was founded in 1864 as a regional trade centre. Fighting occurred in the vicinity during both the First ...
Newcastle disease: a serious viral disease of birds caused by a paramyxovirus and marked by respiratory and nervous system problems. Some adult birds recover, although mortality rates are high in tropical and subtropical regions. Young chickens are especially susceptible and rarely survive. ...
Newcastle upon Tyne: city and metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, historic county of Northumberland, northeastern England. It lies on the north bank of the River Tyne 8 miles (13 km) from the North Sea.
Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of, Duke Of Newcastle-upon-tyne, Marquess Of Clare, Earl Of Clare, Viscount Haughton, Baron Pelham Of Laughton, Baron Pelham Of Stanmer: prime minister of Great Britain from 1754 to 1756 and from 1757 to 1762. Through his control of government patronage, he wielded enormous political influence during the reigns of the kings George I and George II.
Newcastle, William Cavendish, 1st Duke of: Royalist commander during the English Civil Wars and a noted patron of poets, dramatists, and other writers.
Newcastle-under-Lyme: town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Staffordshire, England. It borders the city of Stoke-on-Trent and occupies the northwestern corner of Staffordshire. Newcastle-under-Lyme takes its name from the new castle erected about 1145 by Ranulf de Gernons, the ...
Newcomb, Josephine Louise Le Monnier: American philanthropist, founder of Newcomb College, the first self-supporting American women's college associated with a men's school.
Newcomb, Simon: Canadian-born American astronomer and mathematician who prepared ephemerides-tables of computed places of celestial bodies over a period of time-and tables of astronomical constants.
Newcomen, Thomas: British engineer and inventor of the atmospheric steam engine, a precursor of James Watt's engine.
Newdigate Prize: poetry prize founded in 1805 by Sir Roger Newdigate and awarded at the University of Oxford. The award is given annually for the best student poem of up to 300 lines on a given subject. The winner recites the poem ...
newel: upright post rising at the foot of a stairway, at its landings, or at its top. These posts usually serve as anchors for handrails. Often the stringboards, which cover and connect the ends of the steps, are framed into the ...
Newell, Allen: American computer scientist and one of the pioneers of the science of artificial intelligence (AI).
Newfoundland: breed of working dog developed in Newfoundland, possibly from crosses between native dogs and the Great Pyrenees dogs taken to North America by Basque fishermen in the 17th century. Noted for rescuing persons from the sea, the Newfoundland is a ...
Newfoundland and Labrador: province of Canada composed of the island of Newfoundland and a larger mainland sector, Labrador, to the northwest. It is Canada's newest province, having joined the confederation only in 1949; its name was officially changed to Newfoundland and Labrador in ...
Newhall, Nancy: American photography critic, conservationist, and editor who was an important contributor to the development of the photograph book as an art form.
Newham: inner borough of London. It is bordered to the east by the River Roding and Barking Creek, to the south by the River Thames, and to the west by the River Lea. Newham was established in 1965 by amalgamation of ...
Newhaven: town ("parish"), Lewes district, administrative county of East Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England, at the mouth of the River Ouse. "New" haven developed after the great storm of 1570, when the course of the lower Ouse shifted westward from ...
Newhouse Family: family that built the second largest publishing empire in the United States in the second half of the 20th century.
Newington: area in the borough of Southwark, London. It lies southeast of Waterloo Station and west of Bermondsey. In the 19th century the area was developed as a residential suburb, and several roads and railways were built, converting Newington into a ...
Newlands, John Alexander Reina: British chemist whose "law of octaves" noted a pattern in the atomic structure of elements with similar chemical properties and contributed in a significant way to the development of the periodic law.
Newman: mining town, northwestern Western Australia. It lies near Mount Newman, the highest peak (3,455 feet [1,053 m]) in the Ophthalmia Range. Both the town and the mountain were named for Aubrey Woodward Newman, who died while exploring the region in ...
Newman, Arnold: American photographer, who specialized in portraits of well-known people posed in settings associated with their work. This approach, known as "environmental portraiture," greatly influenced portrait photography in the 20th century.
Newman, Barnett: American painter whose large, austerely reductionist canvases influenced the colour-field painters of the 1960s.
Newman, John Henry: influential churchman and man of letters of the 19th century, who led the Oxford Movement in the Church of England and later became a cardinal-deacon in the Roman Catholic church. His eloquent books, notably Parochial and Plain Sermons (1834-42), Lectures ...
Newman, Paul: handsome and charismatic American film actor, an enduring screen presence in the second half of the 20th century.