German adventurer. An indefatigable intriguer in military, political, and financial affairs throughout Europe, he was for a time (1736-43) the nominal king of Corsica under the style of Theodore I.
(Nov. 27, 1919), peace treaty between Bulgaria and the victorious Allied powers after World War I that became effective Aug. 9, 1920. Under its terms Bulgaria was forced to cede lands to Yugoslavia and Greece (thus depriving it of an ...
exclusive residential northwestern suburb of Paris, France. It lies in Hauts-de-Seine departement, Ile-de-France region, west of the capital and north of the Bois de Boulogne. Its main thoroughfare is the wide avenue de Charles ...
Bezirk (district) in the southern part of the city of Berlin, Germany. Medieval village churches still mark the centres of the four old villages-Rixdorf, Britz, Buckow, and Rudow-around which the district grew. During World War II Neukolln suffered far less ...
any of the fine, straight, scratchlike marks that appear when some iron meteorites are cut open and the exposed surface polished and etched. The lines reveal an internal structure thought to result from some violent strain, such as a collision ...
in musical notation, a sign for one or more successive musical pitches, predecessor of modern musical notes. Neumes have been used in Christian (e.g., Gregorian, Byzantine) liturgical chant as well as in medieval polyphony (music in several voices, or parts) ...
city, capital of Neuquen provincia, west-central Argentina. It is located at the confluence of the Neuquen and Limay rivers, which there form the Negro River. Founded in 1904, the city is a market centre for the adjacent ...
provincia (province), west-central Argentina. It is bordered by the high peaks of the Andes Mountains and Chile (west), the Colorado River and tributaries (north), and the Limay River (south). The western part of the province has intermontane ...
group of embryonic cells that are pinched off during the formation of the neural tube (the precursor of the spinal cord) but that do not remain as a part of the central nervous system. The cells of the neural crest ...
a computer program that operates in a manner analogous to the natural neural network in the brain. The theoretical basis of neural networks was developed in 1943 by the neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch of the University of Illinois and the mathematician ...
any congenital defect of the brain and spinal cord as a result of abnormal development of the neural tube (the precursor of the spinal cord) during early embryonic life, usually accompanied by defects of the vertebral column or skull. In ...
cyclic attacks of acute pain occurring in a peripheral sensory nerve; the cause of the pain is unknown, and pathological changes in nerve tissue cannot be found. There are two principal types of neuralgia: trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.
inflammation of one or more nerves. The characteristic symptoms of neuritis include pain and tenderness; impaired sensation, strength, and reflexes; and abnormal circulation and decreased ability to sweat in the distribution of the inflamed nerve or nerves. Neuritis frequently results ...
either of two hereditary disorders characterized by distinctive skin lesions and by benign, progressively enlarging tumours of the nervous system. Neurofibromatosis type 1, also known as von Recklinghausen's disease, is much the more common of the two disorders and is ...
(after Jean-Martin Charcot, a 19th-century French neurologist), massive destruction of a stress-bearing joint, with development of large flanges and spurs of new bone at the sides of the joint. The condition eventually causes inability to use the joint but is ...
any of a group of substances produced by specialized cells (neurosecretory cells) structurally typical of the nervous, rather than of the endocrine, system. The neurohormones pass along nerve-cell extensions (axons) and are released into the bloodstream at special regions called ...
the study of the neurological mechanisms underlying the storage and processing of language. Although it has been fairly satisfactorily determined that the language centre is in the left hemisphere of the brain in right-handed people, controversy remains concerning whether individual ...
medical specialty concerned with the nervous system and its functional or organic disorders. Neurologists diagnose and treat diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
site of chemical communication between a nerve fibre and a muscle cell. The neuromuscular junction is analogous to the synapse between two neurons. A nerve fibre divides into many terminal branches; each terminal ends on a region of muscle fibre ...
basic cell of the nervous system in vertebrates and most invertebrates from the level of the cnidarians (e.g., corals, jellyfish) upward. A typical neuron has a cell body containing a nucleus and two or more long fibres. Impulses are carried ...
any member of the insect order Neuroptera. At one time the term neuropteran referred to many groups of insects that are now placed in other orders, so that, in a strict sense, the order Neuroptera now includes only the lacewings. ...
a type of neuron, or nerve cell, whose function is to translate neural signals into chemical stimuli. Such cells produce secretions called neurohormones that travel along the neuron axon and are typically released into the bloodstream at neurohemal organs, regions ...
any of a group of chemical agents released by neurons (nerve cells) to stimulate neighbouring neurons, thus allowing impulses to be passed from one cell to the next throughout the nervous system.
elaborate castle built atop a rock ledge over the Pollat Gorge in the Bavarian Alps (near Fussen, Ger.) by order of Bavaria's King Louis II, called "Mad Ludwig." Begun in 1869 and left unfinished at Louis's death in 1886, this ...
river in northeast-central North Carolina, U.S., formed by the junction of the Flat, Little, and Eno rivers in Durham county. Named in 1584 for the Neusiok Indians, it flows about 275 miles (440 km), generally southeast past Kinston, the head ...
sixth king of the 5th dynasty (c. 2465-c. 2325 BC) of Egypt; he is primarily known for his temple to the sun-god Re at Abu Jirab (Abu Gurab) in Lower Egypt. The temple plan, like that built by Userkaf (the ...
lake in Burgenland (eastern Austria) and northwestern Hungary, named from the Austrian town of Neusiedl and the Hungarian word for "swamp lake." Formed several million years ago during the Pleistocene Epoch, probably as a result of tectonic subsidence, it is ...
city, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies on the west bank of the Rhine, opposite Dusseldorf. Founded about 12 BC as a Roman fortress (the Novaesium of Tacitus), it was captured by the Franks and ...
city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies on the eastern slope of the Haardt Mountains, at the mouth of the Speyer-Bach. Founded in 1220 and chartered in 1275, its historic buildings include the Casimirianum (the seat of Heidelberg University, ...
group of organisms found on top of or attached to the underside of the surface film of water. The neuston includes insects such as whirligig beetles and water striders, some spiders and protozoans, and occasional worms, snails, insect larvae, and ...
during the Merovingian period (6th-8th century) of early medieval Europe, the western Frankish kingdom, as distinct from Austrasia, the eastern kingdom. By derivation, Neustria was the "new" (French neuf; German neu) land-i.e., the area colonized by the Franks since their ...
a confederacy of Iroquoian-speaking Indians who lived in what are now southern Ontario, western New York, northeastern Ohio, and southeastern Michigan. They received their name from the French because they were neutral in the known wars between the Iroquois and ...
in the philosophy of mind, theories that hold that mind and body are not separate, distinct substances but are composed of the same sort of neutral "stuff."
in international relations, the peacetime policy of avoiding political or ideological affiliations with major power blocs. The policy was pursued by such countries as India, Yugoslavia, and many of the new states of Asia and Africa during the period of ...
the legal status arising from the abstention of a state from all participation in a war between other states, the maintenance of an attitude of impartiality toward the belligerents, and the recognition by the belligerents of this abstention and impartiality. ...
elementary subatomic particle with no electric charge, very little mass, and 12 unit of spin. Neutrinos belong to the family of particles called leptons, which are not subject to the strong force. Rather, neutrinos are subject to the weak force ...
neutral subatomic particle that is a constituent of every atomic nucleus except ordinary hydrogen. It has no electric charge and a rest mass equal to 1.67495 × 10−27 kg-marginally greater than that of the proton but nearly 1,840 times greater ...
specialized type of small thermonuclear weapon that produces minimal blast and heat but which releases large amounts of lethal radiation. The neutron bomb delivers blast and heat effects that are confined to an area of only a few hundred yards ...
type of nuclear reaction in which a target nucleus absorbs a neutron (uncharged particle), then emits a discrete quantity of electromagnetic energy (gamma-ray photon). The target nucleus and the product nucleus are isotopes, or forms of the same element. Thus ...
branch of physics dealing with the theory and applications of the wave behaviour of neutrons, the electrically neutral subatomic particles that are present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen. Neutron optics involves studying the interactions of matter ...
any of a class of extremely dense, compact stars thought to be composed primarily of neutrons. Neutron stars are typically about 20 km (12 miles) in diameter but have a mass roughly the same as the Sun's. Thus, their mean ...
city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), western Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine (there bridged to Weissenthurm) near the Wied stream, just northwest of Koblenz. Founded in 1653 by the Count of Wied for religious refugees, it was chartered in ...
river in Leningrad oblast (province), northwestern Russia. The river issues from Lake Ladoga at Shlisselburg and flows 46 miles (74 km) west to the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. Its drainage basin covers 109,000 square miles (282,000 square ...
(July 15, 1240), military engagement in which the Novgorod army defeated the Swedes on the banks of the Neva River; in honour of this battle the Novgorod commander, Prince Alexander Yaroslavich, received the surname Nevsky. The conflict between the Swedes ...
constituent state of the United States of America. It borders California on the west, Oregon and Idaho on the north, Utah on the east, and Arizona on the southeast. It has an area of 110,567 square miles (286,368 square kilometres), ...
