Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Margaret of Antioch, Saint ... Mariategui, Jose Carlos

Margaret of Antioch, Saint: virgin martyr and one of the 14 Holy Helpers (a group of saints jointly commemorated on August 8), who was one of the most venerated saints during the Middle Ages. Her story, generally regarded to be fictitious, is substantially that ...
Margaret Of Austria: Habsburg ruler who, as regent of the Netherlands (1507-15, 1519-30) for her nephew Charles (later the Holy Roman emperor Charles V), helped consolidate Habs-burg dominion there.
Margaret of Parma: duchess of Parma and Habsburg regent who, as governor-general of the Netherlands (1559-67), attempted to appease the growing discontent with Spanish rule.
Margaret Of Provence: eldest daughter of Raymond Berengar IV, count of Provence, whose marriage to King Louis IX of France on May 27, 1234, extended French authority beyond the Rhone.
Margaret of Scotland, Saint: queen consort of Malcolm III Canmore and patroness of Scotland.
Margaret Of Valois: queen consort of Navarre known for her licentiousness and for her Memoires, a vivid exposition of France during her lifetime.
Margaret Tudor: wife of King James IV of Scotland, mother of James V, and elder daughter of King Henry VII of England. During her son's minority, she played a key role in the conflict between the pro-French and pro-English factions in Scotland, ...
margarine: food product made principally from one or more vegetable or animal fats or oils in which is dispersed an aqueous portion containing milk products, either solid or fluid, salt, and such other ingredients as flavouring agents, yellow food pigments, emulsifiers, ...
Margarita Island: island in the Caribbean Sea, 12 mi (19 km) north of the Peninsula de Araya in northeastern Venezuela. Also known as the Isle of Pearls, Margarita is the largest of 70 islands comprising Nueva Esparta state. In reality two islands ...
Margate: town, Thanet district, administrative and historic county of Kent, England. It lies east of the Thames River estuary. A Roman villa existed just outside the town, which has a Norman church. During the 18th century the town, which is endowed ...
margay: small cat (family Felidae) that ranges from South through Central America and, rarely, into the extreme southern United States. Little is known about the habits of the margay. It lives in forests and presumably is nocturnal, feeding on small prey ...
Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund: German chemist whose discovery of beet sugar in 1747 led to the development of the modern sugar industry.
Margherita Peak: highest summit of the Ruwenzori Range in East Africa and the third highest in Africa (after Mounts Kilimanjaro and Kenya). Margherita Peak is the highest peak on Mount Stanley. It rises to 16,795 feet (5,119 m) between Lake Albert (Lake ...
Marghiloman, Alexandru: Romanian statesman and Conservative leader who greatly influenced Romania's role in World War I.
Margilon: city, eastern Uzbekistan. It lies 19 miles (30 km) north of Fergana. Originally known as Margilan, it probably dates to the 2nd-1st century BC, when one branch of the great Silk Road to the Orient ran through the Fergana Valley. ...
margin: in finance, the amount by which the value of collateral provided as security for a loan exceeds the amount of the loan. This excess represents the borrower's equity contribution in a transaction that is partly financed by borrowed funds; thus ...
marginal efficiency of investment: in economics, expected rates of return on investment as additional units of investment are made under specified conditions and over a stated period of time. A comparison of these rates with the going rate of interest may be used to ...
marginal productivity theory: in economics, a theory developed at the end of the 19th century by a number of writers, including John Bates Clark and Philip Henry Wicksteed, who argued that a business firm would be willing to pay a productive agent only ...
marginal utility: in economics, the additional satisfaction or benefit (utility) that a consumer derives from buying an additional unit of a commodity or service. The concept implies that the utility or benefit to a consumer of an additional unit of a product ...
marginal-cost pricing: in economics, the practice of setting the price of a product to equal the extra cost of producing an extra unit of output. By this policy, a producer charges, for each product unit sold, only the addition to total cost ...
Margoliouth, David Samuel: English scholar whose pioneering efforts in Islamic studies won him a near-legendary reputation among Islamic peoples and Oriental scholars of Europe.
Margrethe II: queen of Denmark since the death of her father, King Frederick IX, on Jan. 14, 1972.
Margulis, Gregori Aleksandrovich: Russian mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1978 for his contributions to the theory of Lie groups. Margulis attended Moscow State University (Ph.D., 1970).
Margunios, Maximus: Greek Orthodox bishop and humanist exponent of Greek culture in Italy, whose attempt to reconcile the theologies of the Eastern and Western churches aroused in Byzantine churchmen suspicion of his orthodoxy.
Mari: European people, numbering about 670,000 in the late 20th century, who speak a language of the Finno-Ugric family and live mainly in Mari El, Russia, in the middle Volga River valley. There are also some Mari in adjacent regions and ...
Mari: ancient Mesopotamian city situated on the right bank of the Euphrates River in what is now Syria. Excavations, initially directed by Andre Parrot and begun in 1933, uncovered remains extending from about 3100 BC to the 7th century AD.
Mari El: republic within Russia, in the basin of the middle Volga River.
Mari language: member of the Finno-Ugric division of the Uralic language family, spoken primarily in the Mari El republic, Russia. The three major dialects of Mari are the Meadow dialect, spoken in Mari El and north of the Volga River; the Mountain ...
Maria Carolina: queen of Naples and wife of King Ferdinand IV of Naples. She held the real power in Naples, and, under the influence of her favourite, Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet, who was reputed to be her lover, she adopted a ...
Maria Cristina De Borbon: queen consort of Ferdinand VII of Spain from 1829 to 1833 and queen regent from 1833 to 1840.
Maria Cristina De Habsburgo-Lorena: queen consort (1879-85) of Alfonso XII of Spain whose tact and wisdom as queen regent (1885-1902) for her son Alfonso XIII were instrumental in giving Spain a degree of peace and political stability.
Maria I: the first queen regnant of Portugal (1777-1816).
Maria II: queen of Portugal (1834-53).
Maria Island: island in the Tasman Sea, 4 mi (6 12 km) off the east coast of Tasmania, Australia. Extending 12 mi north-south and up to 8 mi east-west, it comprises two sections, linked by a narrow sandy isthmus, and has an ...
Maria Legio: largest African, independent church with a Catholic background, which had a meteoric rise in the 1960s. The church should not be confused with a less successful predecessor in Kenya, the Dini ya Mariam (Religion of Mary) of the 1950s.
Maria Stella: Italian adventuress who contested the parentage of Louis Philippe, duc d'Orleans, upon his accession to the French throne in 1830.
Maria Theresa: archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740-80), wife and empress of the Holy Roman emperor Francis I (reigned 1745-65), and mother of the Holy Roman emperor Joseph II (reigned 1765-90). Upon her accession, the War of the ...
Maria Trinidad Sanchez: coastal province, northern Dominican Republic, facing the Atlantic Ocean (northeast) and rising to a rugged, though not mountainous, interior (maximum elevation 3,091 ft [942 m]). The province, 505 sq mi (1,310 sq km) in area, is little developed except along ...
mariachi: Mexican string orchestra composed of 3 to 12 performers playing a variety of stringed and brass instruments. (In addition to referring to an ensemble, the term mariachi is also used for the individual performer of mariachi music or for the ...
Mariamne: (c. 57-29 BC), Jewish princess, a popular heroine in both Jewish and Christian traditions, whose marriage (37 BC) to the Judean king Herod the Great united his family with the deposed Hasmonean royal family (Maccabees) and helped legitimize his position. ...
Mariana: city, east-central Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. It is located on the Carmo River in the Doce River basin, at 2,287 feet (697 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as Vila de Albuquerque and Vila de Carmo, the settlement was ...
Mariana Islands: series of volcanic and uplifted coral formations in the western Pacific Ocean, 1,500 mi (2,400 km) east of the Philippines. They are divided politically into Guam (an organized unincorporated territory of the United States) and an island chain, the Northern ...
Mariana Trench: submarine trench in the floor of the western North Pacific Ocean, situated east of the Mariana Islands. It is the deepest such trench known. An arcing depression, the trench stretches for more than 1,580 miles (2,550 km) with a mean ...
Mariana, Juan de: historian, author of Historiae de rebus Hispaniae (1592), a history of Spain from its earliest times.
Marianao: city, Ciudad de la Habana provincia, west-central Cuba. Situated in a slightly hilly area along the northern coast, Marianao was founded in 1726. Since 1900, with the growth of Havana (10 miles [16 km] to the northeast by highway and ...
Marianist: a religious congregation of the Roman Catholic church founded by William Joseph Chaminade at Bordeaux, Fr., in 1817. The Marianists, including the Brothers of Mary, developed from the sodality (a devotional association of the laity) of the Blessed Mother organized ...
Marianske Lazne: spa and town, Zapadocesky kraj (region), western Czech Republic. It is situated on the edge of the wooded hills southwest of Karlovy Vary. Its more than 40 mineral springs were long the property of the Premonstratensian Abbey (12th century) at ...
Marianus Scotus: chronicler who wrote a universal history of the world from creation to 1082 that disputed the chronology of the Paschal calendar formulated by Dionysius Exiguus, a 6th-century theologian. Marianus' Chronicon, written in Germany, maintains that the Paschal calendar dated Christ's ...
Marias Islands: archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of west-central Mexico. Lying approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Cape Corrientes and about 230 miles (370 km) southeast of the tip of Baja California, the islands are administered by the ...
Marias River: river in Glacier county, northwestern Montana, U.S. It is formed by the confluence of Cut Bank, Dupuyer, and Birch creeks and Two Medicine River and flows generally southeastward. The river is impounded by the Tiber Dam to form Lake Elwell, ...
Mariategui, Jose Carlos: political leader and essayist who was the first Peruvian intellectual to apply the Marxist model of historical materialism to Peruvian problems.