| | - Mahlarayim
- (from the article "Chagatai literature") ...with the poetry created in the other, but, when they created new works, these reflected the dominant literary influences within each linguistic tradition. For example, the Kokandian princess Mahlarayim (Mahilar), writing in the 19th century, created a Chagatai divan under ...
- Mahler, Alma
- wife of Gustav Mahler, known for her relationships with celebrated men. [2 Related Articles]
- Mahler, Gustav
- Austrian-Jewish composer and conductor noted for his 10 symphonies and various songs with orchestra, which drew together many different strands of Romanticism. Although his music was largely ignored for 50 years after his death, Mahler was later regarded as an ... [18 Related Articles]
- Mahmoud
- (foaled 1933), racehorse (Thoroughbred), the fastest horse ever to run in the Derby, making a record time of 2:33 45.
- Mahmud
- (from the article "Husayn I") ...Husayn ruled in relative peace for 20 years, while the nation slowly declined. Suddenly he was faced with a series of revolts by his tribal subjects, the most serious of which came from Mahmud, who had seized the throne of ...
- Mahmud
- (from the article "Central Asia, history of") ...feuds, internecine rivalry, and Muscovite expansionism. Thus, in the case of the Kazan khanate, its founder Ulugh Muhammad (c. 1437-45) bequeathed the throne to his able son Mahmud (or Mahmutek), who reigned with conspicuous success between 1445 and 1462. Mahmud's ...
- Mahmud
- (from the article "Ramazan Dynasty") ...of Ottoman territories to the Taurus Mountains and after an Ottoman-Mamluk war in 1485-90, the Ramazan territory assumed strategic importance for the Ottomans. In 1514 the Ramazan ruler Mahmud was deposed by the Mamluks and sought refuge with the Ottoman ...
- Mahmud
- (from the article "Necati, Isa") ...entered the service of one of his sovereign's sons, Prince Abdullah. Upon his return to Constantinople, Necati was once again awarded a government post with another of the Sultan's sons, Prince Mahmud, in whose service the poet enjoyed great favour. ...
- Mahmud
- sultan of the kingdom of Ghazna (998-1030), originally comprising modern Afghanistan and northeastern modern Iran but, through his conquests, eventually including northwestern India and most of Iran. He transformed his capital, Ghazna, into a cultural centre rivalling Baghdad. [13 Related Articles]
- Mahmud Beg Tarzi
- (from the article "Afghanistan") ...begun by 'Abd al-Rahman was furthered by Habibollah. Western ideals and styles penetrated the Afghan royal court and upper classes. An Afghan nationalist, Mahmud Beg Tarzi, published (1911-18) the periodical Seraj al-Akbar ("Torch of the News"), which ...
- Mahmud Begara
- (from the article "Junagadh") ...stone) of the emperor Asoka. The peaks of the Girnar Hills are dotted with Jaina temples. A Rajput stronghold until the 15th century, Junagadh was captured in 1472 by Mahmud Begara of Gujarat, who named it Mustafabad and built a ...
- Mahmud I
- Ottoman sultan who on succeeding to the throne in 1730 restored order after the Patrona Halil uprising in Constantinople; during his reign the Ottomans fought a successful war against Austria and Russia, culminating in the Treaty of Belgrade (1739). [1 Related Articles]
- Mahmud II
- Ottoman sultan (1808-39) whose westernizing reforms helped to consolidate the Ottoman Empire despite defeats in wars and losses of territory. [13 Related Articles]
- Mahmud II
- (from the article "Zangi") When Zangi's father, the governor of Aleppo, was killed in 1094, Zangi fled to Mosul. He served the Seljuq dynasty, and in 1126 the Seljuq sultan, Mahmud II, appointed Zangi governor of Basra. When the 'Abbasid dynasty caliph al-Mustarshid rebelled ...
- Mahmud Kashgari
- (from the article "Central Asian arts") ...style suggests considerable earlier development of the language. Excavations in Chinese Turkistan have brought to light specimens of writings of the Uighur Turks from the 9th to the 11th century. Mahmud Kashgari's comprehensive dictionary (1071?) contains specimens of old Turkish ...
- Mahmud Khoja Behbudiy
- (from the article "Uzbekistan") ...movement known as the New Method (usul-i jadid) during the first two decades of the 20th century. The leaders of the Jadids, as they called themselves, included Munawwar Qari in Tashkent, Mahmud Khoja Behbudiy in Samarkand, Sadriddin Ayniy in Bukhara, ...
- Mahmud Lodi
- (from the article "Babur") ...now to deal with the defiant Afghans to the east, who had captured Lucknow while he was facing Rana Sanga. Other Afghans had rallied to Sultan Ibrahim's brother Mahmud Lodi, who had occupied Bihar. There were also Rajput chiefs still ...
- Mahmud Musavvir
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...The sources of this school lie with the Timurid academy. Behzad, Sultan Muhammad, Sheykhzadeh, Mir Sayyid 'Ali, Aqa Mirak, and Mahmud Musavvir continued and modified, each in his own way, the ideal of a balance between an overall composition and ...
- Mahmud Muzaffar Shah
- last sultan of Riau (Riouw) and Lingga (archipelagoes south of Singapore), whose deposition cleared the way for Dutch colonial control.
- Mahmud Nedim Pasa
- Ottoman diplomat and grand vizier (served 1871-72 and 1875-76) whose conservative policies and hostility to reforms permitted Sultan Abdulaziz to become an absolute monarch and thereby destroyed the westernizing reforms introduced by his predecessors. [2 Related Articles]
- Mahmud Pasha, Muhammad
- (from the article "Egypt") ...But the king dismissed him in June and dissolved the parliament in July. In effect, the constitution was suspended, and Egypt was again governed by decree under a Liberal Constitutionalist premier, Muhammad Mahmud Pasha.
- Mahmud Shah
- sultan of Malacca from 1488 until capture of the city by the Portuguese in 1511, after which he founded the kingdom of Johore. [1 Related Articles]
- Mahmud Sharqi
- (from the article "India") Meanwhile, the neighbouring kingdom of Jaunpur developed into a power equal to Delhi during the reign (1402-40) of Ibrahim Sharqi. Ibrahim's successor, Mahmud, conducted expansionist campaigns against Bengal and Orissa and, in 1452, initiated a conflict with the Lodi sultans ...
- Mahmud, Nasir-al-Din
- (from the article "India") ...had changed by 1246, when Ghiyath al-Din Balban, a junior member of the Forty, had gained enough power to attain a controlling position within the administration of the newest sultan, Nasir al-Din Mahmud (reigned 1246-66). Balban, acting first as
- Mahmud, Shihab-al-Din
- (from the article "India") ...died in 1482 (of grief over his error in judgment, the chronicles report), the leader of the conspirators, Malik Na'ib, was able to make himself regent for Muhammad's minor son, Shihab al-Din Mahmud (reigned 1482-1518).
- Mahmudi, Al-Baghdadi Ali al-
- (from the article "Libya") ...facto) Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi; (nominal) Secretary of the General People's Congress Zentani Muhammad al-Zentani | Head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee (Prime Minister) Al-Baghdadi Ali al-Mahmudi | BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE YEAR 2007Libya
- Mahmudiyah Canal
- (from the article "Damietta") ...called Damietta 4 miles (6.4 km) inland on the present site. During both the Mamluk and the Ottoman periods, the town was used as a place of banishment. After the construction in 1819 of the Mahmudiyah Canal, which diverted much ...
- mahogany
- (from the article "conservation") Similar cases of overharvested species are found in terrestrial ecosystems. For example, even when forests are not completely cleared, particularly valuable trees such as mahogany may be selectively logged from an area, eliminating both the tree species and all the ...
- mahogany
- any of several tropical hardwood timber trees, especially certain species in the family Meliaceae. One such is Swietenia mahagoni, from tropical America. It is a tall evergreen tree with hard wood that turns reddish brown at maturity. The leaflets of ... [5 Related Articles]
- Mahon, Derek
- Northern Irish poet and translator who explored contemporary themes through verse with classical formal structure.
- Mahone, William
- American railroad magnate and general of the Confederacy who led Virginia's "Readjuster" reform movement from 1879 to 1882. [1 Related Articles]
- Mahoney, John Friend
- (from the article "syphilis") ...Much was learned about the course of the disease from the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study (1932-72). The use of antibiotics developed in 1943 after the discovery by the American physician John Friend Mahoney and others that penicillin was an effective ...
- Mahoney, Mary
- American nurse, the first African-American woman to complete the course of professional study in nursing.
- Mahonia aquifolium
- (from the article "Oregon grape") any of several species of the genus Mahonia, evergreen shrubs of the barberry family (Berberidaceae) grown for their ornamental value. M. aquifolium, the typical Oregon grape, is 90 cm (3 feet) or more tall and is native to the Pacific ...
- mahori
- (from the article "musical performance") ...(bas, or soft, groups). A similar differentiation exists in Indochinese music in the contrast between the percussion-dominated pi phat band of Thailand and the string-dominated mahori bands of Thailand and Cambodia. Gamelan playing, particularly of the softer type, often accompanies ...
- mahout
- (from the article "elephant") ...date to the Indus civilization of the 3rd millennium BC. At Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, Pakistan, soapstone carvings depict elephants with cloth on their backs, which indicates use by humans. Mahouts and oozies (elephant trainers in India and Myanmar, respectively) are ...
- Mahoze
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...in 63. Vologeses I (c. AD 51-80) founded the city Vologesias, near Seleucia, as his capital, but the whole area (including Ctesiphon and Seleucia) became an urban complex called Mahoze in Aramaic and Al-Mada'in in Arabic; both names mean "The ...
- mahr
- (from the article "Yemen") ...practice of marrying someone from within one's own kin group) is common, the preferred marriage being with a paternal first cousin of the opposite gender. The practice of mahr (bride-price, given by the father of the groom) ...
- Mahra
- (from the article "Arabia") ...emigrants to the gulf in the early 9th century, but the Baloch, whose ancestors immigrated more recently, have formed a sort of warrior tribe there. In the border regions of Oman and Yemen are the Mahra, Harasis, Qara, and others, ...
- Mahra Sultanate
- former semi-independent state in the southern Arabian Peninsula, including the island of Socotra in the Indian Ocean, in what is now eastern Yemen. The mainland portion of the sultanate, on the Arabian Sea coast, had its capital in Qishn, although ...
- Mahri
- (from the article "South Arabic language") ...group of Semitic languages, along with Ge'ez, Amharic, Tigre, Tigrinya, and the other Semitic languages of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and The Sudan. Modern dialects of the language include Mahri, Shahri (Ehkali), Harsusi, and Bathari on the Arabian shore of the Indian ...
- Mahsati
- (from the article "Persian literature") ...the English writer Edward FitzGerald translated Omar's poetry as The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859), Omar became to Western readers the greatest Persian poet. Mahsati, a female poet to whom are attributed robaiyat of a secular and ...
- mahseer
- any of several species of edible game fishes of the genus Barbus, in the carp family, Cyprinidae, found in clear rivers and lakes of India and southeastern Asia. Mahseer have large, thick scales, powerful jaws, and protrusible, sometimes very fleshy, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Mahuad Witt, Jamil
- (from the article "Ecuador") ...of his erratic and controversial behaviour, and in early 1997 Congress removed him from office and replaced him with Fabian Alarcon Rivera. In elections held in 1998, Quito mayor Jamil Mahuad Witt was elected president. Early in his term, Mahuad ...
- mahuang
- (from the article "ephedrine") alkaloid used as a decongestant drug. It is obtainable from plants of the genus Ephedra, particularly the Chinese species E. sinica, and it has been used in China for more than 5,000 years to treat asthma and hay fever. It ...
- Mahuyeh
- (from the article "Iran") ...in 642 completed the Sasanids' vanquishment. Yazdegerd fled to the empire's northeastern outpost, Merv, whose marzban, or march lord, Mahuyeh, was soured by Yazdegerd's imperious and expensive demands. Mahuyeh turned against his emperor and defeated him with ...
- mahzor
- originally a Jewish prayer book arranged according to liturgical chronology and used throughout the entire year. Though cantors (hazzanim) still use such a book, mahzor has come to mean the festival prayer book, as distinguished from the siddur, the prayer ... [2 Related Articles]
- Mai-chi-shan
- one of three major sites in northern China's Kansu sheng (province) where rock-cut Buddhist caves and sculpture are found. The more than 190 sculptures now visible are carved in nearly 1,000 caves and recesses on the cliff faces that are ... [1 Related Articles]
- Mai-Mai
- (from the article "Congo, Democratic Republic of the") ...There was fighting in January between dissident soldiers and members of the Congolese army in North Kivu, while 4,000 ill-disciplined troops sent to the southeastern province of Katanga to fight Mai Mai bandits proved to be as much of a ...
- Mai-Ndombe, Lake
- lake in western Congo (Kinshasa), east of the Congo River and south-southeast of Lake Tumba. It covers approximately 890 square miles (2,300 square km) and is about 80 miles (130 km) long and up to 25 miles (40 km) wide. ...
- Maia
- (from the article "Pleiades") in Greek mythology, the seven daughters of the Titan Atlas and the Oceanid Pleione: Maia, Electra, Taygete, Celaeno, Alcyone, Sterope, and Merope. They all had children by gods (except Merope, who married Sisyphus).
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