American novelist and, as a naturalized English citizen from 1915, a great figure in the transatlantic culture. His fundamental theme was the innocence and exuberance of the New World in clash with the corruption and wisdom of the Old, as ...
two brothers who were among the most notorious outlaws of the American West, engaging in robberies that came to typify the hazards of the 19th-century frontier as it has been portrayed in motion-picture Westerns.
a eucharistic service based on the Antiochene Liturgy, said to be the most ancient Christian liturgy. Modified forms of the Liturgy of St. James are used by Catholic Syrians, Monophysite Syrians (Jacobites), Maronites, and the Orthodox of Zakynthos and Jerusalem. ...
one of the Twelve Apostles, distinguished as being in Jesus' innermost circle and the only apostle whose martyrdom is recorded in the New Testament (Acts 12:2).
a Christian apostle, according to St. Paul, although not one of the original Twelve Apostles. He was leader of the Jerusalem Christians, who with Saints Peter and John the Evangelist is one of "the pillars of the church."
New Testament writing addressed to the early Christian churches ("to the twelve tribes in the dispersion") and attributed to James, a Christian Jew, whose identity is disputed. There is also wide disagreement as to the date of composition. The letter ...
southern African statesman who, as friend and collaborator of Cecil Rhodes, was notorious for his abortive raid into the Transvaal to overthrow the Boer government of Paul Kruger in 1895.
seaport town and capital of St. Helena, a British island in the South Atlantic Ocean. The town was founded in 1659, when the British East India Company built a fort and established a garrison at the site on James Bay, ...
city, seat (1874) of Stutsman county, southeast-central North Dakota, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the James River and Pipestem Creek, halfway between Bismarck (west) and Fargo (east). The site was settled in 1871 by construction crews of the ...
city, Chautauqua county, southwestern New York, U.S. It lies at the south end of Chautauqua Lake, 70 miles (113 km) southwest of Buffalo. It was named for James Prendergast, a settler from Pittstown, who in 1811 purchased 1,000 acres (400 ...
first permanent English settlement in North America, located near present-day Williamsburg, Virginia. Established on May 14, 1607, the colony gave England its first foothold in the European competition for the New World, which had been dominated by the Spanish since ...
in electronics, broadcasting a strong signal that overrides or obscures a target signal. Jamming of radio and television stations broadcasting from beyond borders may be carried out by a country that does not wish its citizens to receive programs from ...
city, winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir state, northwestern India. It lies along the Tawi River, south of Srinagar, and to the north is the Siwalik Range. Once the capital of the Dogra Rajput dynasty, Jammu became part of Ranjit ...
state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and western Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute ...
town, southwestern Gujarat state, west-central India. Jamnagar is situated on the Kathiawar Peninsula, southeast of Bedi, its port on the Gulf of Kutch of the Arabian Sea. Founded in 1540, it was the capital of former Nawanagar state. Its historic ...
town in the Khyber Agency of Peshawar Division, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, lying 1,512 ft (461 m) above sea level at the entrance to the Khyber Pass. It is connected by road and rail with Peshawar and with Landi Kotal ...
city, East Singhbhum district, Jharkhand state, northeastern India, at the junction of the Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers. Sometimes called Tatanagar, the city was named for industrialist Jamsetji (Jamshedji) Nusserwanji Tata, whose company opened a steel plant there in 1911, and ...
lan (county) of western Sweden, on the Norwegian border. Its land area of 19,273 sq mi (49,917 sq km) takes in the traditional landskap (provinces) of Jamtland and Harjedalen. The land rises in the west to 5,780 ft (1,762 m) ...
island, part of the Kingdom of Norway, in the Greenland Sea of the Arctic Ocean, about 300 mi (500 km) east of Greenland. It is approximately 35 mi long and 9 mi across at its widest point, with an area ...
Chicago-based women's collective that provided more than 11,000 safe albeit illegal abortions between 1969 and 1973. The underground clinic, a small branch of the Chicago Women's Liberation Union, strove to strengthen the pro-choice movement and abolish expensive, unsafe, and callously ...
third wife of King Henry VIII of England and mother of King Edward VI. She succeeded-where Henry's previous wives had failed-in providing a legitimate male heir to the throne.
a leading 16th-century French composer of chansons, famous for his program chansons, part-songs in which sounds of nature, of battles, and of the streets are imitated.
city, seat (1839) of Rock county, southern Wisconsin, U.S. It lies on the Rock River, about 15 miles (25 km) north of Beloit and 40 miles (65 km) southeast of Madison. Settled in 1835 and named for a pioneer, Henry ...
French psychologist and neurologist influential in bringing about in France and the United States a connection between academic psychology and the clinical treatment of mental illnesses. He stressed psychological factors in hypnosis and contributed to the modern concept of mental ...
town, northern Samaria, central Palestine. Contained within mandated Palestine during 1923-48, it was in the area annexed by Jordan in 1950 following the Arab-Israeli War of 1948-49; since the Six-Day War of 1967 it has been in the West Bank ...
(New Soldier, or Troop), member of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empire from the late 14th century to 1826. Highly respected for their military prowess in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Janissaries became a ...
in a narrow sense, the music of the Turkish military establishment, particularly of the Janissaries, an elite corps of royal bodyguards (disbanded 1826); in a broad sense, a particular repertory of European music the military aspect of which derives from ...
Hindu festival celebrating the birth (janma) of the god Krishna (Krsna) on the eighth (astami) day of the dark fortnight of the month of Bhadrapada (August-September). The eighth also has significance in the Krishna legend that he is the 8th ...
innovative American sociologist and political scientist who made major contributions to sociological theory and to the study of prejudice, urban issues, and patriotism. His work in political science concentrated mainly on civil-military affairs.
British guitarist, singer, and songwriter whose innovative and influential guitar technique made him one of the leading figures in British folk music in the 1960s and early 1970s, both as a solo artist and as a member of the folk ...
Flemish leader of the Roman Catholic reform movement known as Jansenism. He wrote biblical commentaries and pamphlets against the Protestants. His major work was Augustinus, published by his friends in 1640. Although condemned by Pope Urban VIII in 1642, it ...
American engineer whose discovery of radio waves from an extraterrestrial source inaugurated the development of radio astronomy, a new science that from the mid-20th century greatly extended the range of astronomical observations.
Roman Catholic German historian who wrote a highly controversial history of the German people, covering the period leading to and through the Reformation.
French astronomer who in 1868 discovered how to observe solar prominences without an eclipse. His work was independent of that of the Englishman Joseph Norman Lockyer, who made the same discovery at about the same time.
Finnish artist and writer-illustrator of children's books (in Swedish). In her books she created the fantastic self-contained world of Moomintrolls, popular especially in northern and central Europe, although translations in more than 30 languages have provided a worldwide audience.
bishop of Benevento and patron saint of Naples. He is believed to have been martyred during the persecution under the Roman emperor Diocletian in 305. His fame rests on the relic, allegedly his blood, which is kept in a glass ...
first month of the Gregorian calendar. It was named after Janus, the Roman god of all beginnings. January replaced March as the first month of the Roman year no later than 153 BCE. See month and the accompanying
(1863-64), Polish rebellion against Russian rule in Poland; the insurrection was unsuccessful and resulted in the imposition of tighter Russian control over Poland.
(Arabic: "Southern Sinai"), muhafazah (governorate), southern part of Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. The governorate was created out of Sina' muhafazah in late 1978, after the first stages of the Israeli withdrawal from the peninsula were initiated. The northern boundary of the ...
