Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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July Days ... Junot, Andoche, duc d'Abrantes

July Days: (July 16-20 [July 3-7, old style], 1917), a period in the Russian Revolution during which workers and soldiers of Petrograd staged armed demonstrations against the Provisional Government that resulted in a temporary decline of Bolshevik influence and in the formation ...
July Plot: abortive attempt on July 20, 1944, by German military leaders to assassinate Adolf Hitler, seize control of the government, and seek more favourable peace terms from the Allies.
July Revolution: (1830), insurrection that brought Louis-Philippe to the throne of France. The revolution was precipitated by Charles X's publication (July 26) of restrictive ordinances contrary to the spirit of the Charter of 1814. Protests and demonstrations were followed by three days ...
jum'ah: Friday of the Muslim week and the special noon service on Friday that all adult, male, free Muslims are obliged to attend. The jum'ah, which replaces the usual noon ritual prayer (salat az-zuhr), must take place before a sizable number ...
Jumilla: city, Murcia provincia and comunidad autonoma ("autonomous community"), southeastern Spain. It lies at the foot of Mt. Castillo (near Mt. Carche and Sierra de Santa Ana) and on the Arroyo del Jua, a tributary of the Rio Segura, northwest of ...
jump rope: children's game played by individuals or teams with a piece of rope, which may have handles attached at each end. Jump rope, which dates back to the 19th century, is traditionally a girls' playground or sidewalk activity in which two ...
jumping mouse: any of five species of small leaping rodents found in North America and China. Jumping mice weigh from 13 to 26 grams (0.5 to 0.9 ounce) and are 8 to 11 cm (3.1 to 4.3 inches) long, not including the ...
jumping plant louse: any member of the approximately 2,000 species of the insect family Psyllidae (order Homoptera). The jumping plant louse is about the size of a pinhead. Its head, long antennae and legs, and transparent wings resemble, on a reduced scale, the ...
jumping spider: any member of the spider family Salticidae (or Attidae, order Araneida). About 3,000 species are known; most are small to medium-sized. They are very common in the tropics, but many also live in northern and Arctic regions. The hairy body ...
Jun kiln: Chinese kiln known for the stoneware it created during the Northern Song period (960-1126) in Junzhou (now Yuzhou), in northern Henan. One class of glazed wares produced at the kiln consisted mostly of opalescent blue pieces (ranging from grayish blue ...
Junagadh: city, southwestern Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies near the Girnar Hills of the Kathiawar Peninsula. The many temples and mosques in the vicinity reveal the city's long and complex history. To the east are the Uparkot, an old Hindu ...
Junayd: painter of miniatures and leading illustrator of the Jalayirid school. His style, using richly dressed figures in formal settings, deeply influenced later developments in Persian painting.
Junayd, Shaykh: fourth head of the Safavid order of Sufi (Islamic) mystics, who sought to transform the spiritual strength of the order into political power.
Junaynah, al-: town in the Darfur region of western Sudan. It lies about 15 miles (24 km) east of the Chad border and about 220 miles (350 km) west of al-Fashir, with which it is linked by a road. Located at an ...
Juncales: order of monocotyledonous flowering plants comprising the families Juncaceae and Thurniaceae, with 10 genera of grasslike plants found in wet, cold-temperate habitats.
junco: any of several birds of the genus Junco, small sparrows of the family Fringillidae (sometimes classified as Emberizidae). Juncos are about 15 cm (6 inches) long and variable in colour, though generally a shade of gray; they have white outer ...
Junction City: city, seat (1860) of Geary county (until 1889 designated as Davis county), northeastern Kansas, U.S. It is situated at the confluence of the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers. Junction City was founded in 1858 and named for the river confluence. ...
Jundia: city, in the highlands of southern Sao Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies at 2,460 feet (750 metres) above sea level along the Jundiai River. Formerly called Porta do Sertao, Mato Grosso de Jundiai, and Vila ...
Jundubah: ', town, northwestern Tunisia. It lies along the middle Wadi Majardah (Medjerda). The town was developed on the railway from Tunis to Algeria during the French protectorate (1881-1955) and is now a centre for the cultivation and export of grains, ...
June: sixth month of the Gregorian calendar. It was named after Juno, the Roman goddess of childbirth and fertility. See month and the accompanying Table.
June beetle: any insect of the genus Phyllophaga, belonging to the widely distributed, plant-feeding subfamily Melolonthinae (family Scarabaeidae, order Coleoptera). These red-brown beetles commonly appear in the Northern Hemisphere during warm spring evenings and are attracted to lights. The heavy-bodied June beetles ...
June Offensive: (June [July, New Style], 1917), unsuccessful military operation of World War I, planned by the Russian minister of war Aleksandr Kerensky. The operation not only demonstrated the degree to which the Russian army had disintegrated but also the extent of ...
Juneau: city and borough, capital (since 1906) of Alaska, U.S. The city, at the heart of the Inside Passage (Alaska Marine Highway), is located in the southeastern part of the state, on the Gastineau Channel. Sheltered from the Pacific Ocean by ...
Junee: town, south central New South Wales, Australia, just north of Wagga Wagga in the fertile Riverina district. Founded in 1863 as Jewnee, it was known as Jewnee Junction or Loftus when proclaimed a town in 1883 and was gazetted a ...
Jung Bahadur: prime minister and virtual ruler of Nepal from 1846 to 1877, who established the powerful Rana dynasty of hereditary prime ministers, an office that remained in his family until 1951.
Jung, Carl: Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist who founded analytic psychology, in some aspects a response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. Jung proposed and developed the concepts of the extroverted and introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious. His work has been influential in ...
Jung-lu: official and general during the last years of the Ch'ing dynasty who organized and led one of the first brigades of Chinese troops that used Western firearms and drill. He achieved high office as a favourite of the powerful empress ...
Jung-Stilling, Johann Heinrich: German writer best known for his autobiography, Heinrich Stillings Leben, 5 vol. (1806), the first two volumes of which give a vividly realistic picture of village life in an 18th-century pietistic family.
Junger, Ernst: German novelist and essayist, an ardent militarist who was one of the most complex and contradictory figures in 20th-century German literature.
Jungfrau: well-known Swiss peak (13,642 feet [4,158 m]) dominating the Lauterbrunnen valley and lying 11 miles (18 km) south-southeast of the resort of Interlaken. The scenic mountain separates the cantons of Bern and Valais and is in the Bernese Alps, two ...
Jungfrauenbecher: (German: "maiden's cup"), silver cup shaped like a girl with a wide-spreading skirt (forming a large cup when inverted) holding a pivoted bowl above her head. The form apparently originated in late 16th-century Germany, but only a few examples survive ...
jungle: tropical forest with luxuriant, tangled, impenetrable vegetation, generally teeming with wildlife; popularly associated with the tropics, such conditions are actually found only when the tree canopy layer of a rain forest has been removed. See rain forest.
jungle babbler: any of about 32 species of songbirds constituting the tribe Pellorneini of the babbler family Timaliidae. Found from Africa to Malaysia and the Philippines, these drab birds with slender, often hook-tipped bills skulk in forest undergrowth. An example is the ...
jungle fowl: any of four Asian birds of the genus Gallus, family Phasianidae (order Galliformes). (For Australian jungle fowl, see megapode.) Gallus species differ from other members of the pheasant family in having, in the male, a fleshy comb, lobed wattles hanging ...
Juniata: county, central Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a mountainous area in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley physiographic province located midway between State College and Harrisburg. The county lies between Blue, Blacklog, and Shade mountains on the northwest and Tuscarora Mountain on ...
Junin: department (formed 1853) of central Peru, located largely in the Andes and drained by the headwaters of the Rio Mantaro and other major tributaries of the Amazon. Junin, one of the richest Andean departments, occupies an area of 16,751 sq ...
Junin: city, northern Buenos Aires province, east central Argentina, in the Pampa on the Rio Salado. The town grew up around Fuerte (fort) Federacion, founded in 1827 to protect colonists from Indian incursions; it was given city status in 1906. Junin ...
Junior Achievement: an educational organization of the United States and Canada that offers young people of high-school age the opportunity to gain business experience by organizing and operating their own small businesses under the guidance of volunteer advisers from business and industry. ...
junior college: educational institution that provides two years of academic instruction beyond secondary school, as well as technical and vocational training to prepare graduates for careers. Public junior colleges are often called community colleges. Such colleges are in many ways an extension ...
junior high school: in some school systems in the United States, the two or three secondary grades (7, 8, 9) of school following elementary school and preceding high school. Children served by junior high school are approximately 12 to 15 years old. The ...
juniper: any of about 60 to 70 species of aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs constituting the genus Juniperus of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The juvenile leaves of a juniper are needlelike. Mature leaves are awl-shaped, spreading, ...
Junius: the pseudonym of the still unidentified author of a series of letters contributed to Henry Sampson Woodfall's Public Advertiser, a popular English newspaper of the day, between Jan. 21, 1769, and Jan. 21, 1772. Junius' aims were to discredit the ...
Junius, Franciscus, The Younger: language and literary scholar whose works stimulated interest in the study of Anglo-Saxon (Old English) and the cognate old Germanic languages.
junk: classic Chinese sailing vessel of ancient unknown origin, still in wide use. High-sterned, with projecting bow, the junk carries up to five masts on which are set square sails consisting of panels of linen or matting flattened by bamboo strips. ...
Junker: (German: "country squire"), member of the landowning aristocracy of Prussia and eastern Germany, which, under the German Empire (1871-1918) and the Weimar Republic (1919-33), exercised substantial political power. Otto von Bismarck himself, the imperial chancellor during 1871-90, was of Junker ...
Junker, Wilhelm: Russian explorer of the southern Sudan and central Africa who determined the course of a major Congo River tributary, the Ubangi River, together with one of its branches, the Uele.
Junkers, Hugo: German aircraft designer and early proponent of the monoplane and all-metal construction of aircraft.
Juno: in Roman religion, chief goddess and female counterpart of Jupiter, closely resembling the Greek Hera, with whom she was universally identified. With Jupiter and Minerva, she was a member of the Capitoline triad of deities traditionally introduced by the Etruscan ...
Juno Beach: The second beach from the east among the five landing areas of the Normandy Invasion of World War II. It was assaulted on June 6, 1944 (D-Day of the invasion), by units of the Canadian 3rd Infantry Division, who took ...
Junod, Henri Alexandre: Swiss Protestant missionary and anthropologist noted for his ethnography of the Tsonga (Thonga) peoples of southern Africa.
Junot, Andoche, duc d'Abrantes: one of Napoleon Bonaparte's generals and his first aide-de-camp.