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Judges, Book of ... July

Judges, Book of: an Old Testament book that, along with Deuteronomy, Joshua, I and II Samuel, and I and II Kings, belongs to a specific historical tradition (Deuteronomic history) that was first committed to writing about 550 BC, during the Babylonian Exile. The ...
judgment: in all legal systems, a decision of a court adjudicating the rights of the parties to a legal action before it. A final judgment is usually a prerequisite of review of a court's decision by an appellate court, thus preventing ...
Judicature Act of 1873: in England, the act of Parliament that created the Supreme Court of Judicature (q.v.) and also, inter alia, enhanced the role of the House of Lords to act as a court of appeal. Essentially, the act was a first modern ...
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: a British tribunal composed of certain members of the Privy Council that, on petition, hears various appeals from the United Kingdom, the British crown colonies, and members of the Commonwealth that have not abolished this final appeal from their courts.
Judicial Conference of the United States: the national administrative governing body of the U.S. federal court system. It is composed of 26 federal judges and the chief justice of the United States, who is the presiding officer. Acting as a body of general oversight and recommendation, ...
judicial review: power exerted by the courts of a country to examine the actions of the legislative, executive, and administrative arms of the government and to ensure that such actions conform to the provisions of the constitution. Actions that do not conform ...
judiciary: that branch of the government whose task is the administration of justice.
Judith, Book of: apocryphal work excluded from the Hebrew and Protestant biblical canons but included in the Septuagint (Greek version of the Hebrew Bible) and accepted in the Roman canon.
judo: system of unarmed combat, now primarily a sport. The rules of the sport of judo are complex; the objective is to cleanly throw, to pin, or to master the opponent, the latter being done by applying pressure to arm joints ...
Judson, Adoniram: American linguist and Baptist missionary in Myanmar (Burma), who translated the Bible into Burmese and wrote a now standard Burmese dictionary.
Judson, E.Z.C.: American adventurer and writer, an originator of the so-called dime novels that were popular during the late 19th century.
jue: type of ancient Chinese pitcherlike container used for wine and characterized by an elegant and dynamic shape.
Juel, Niels: naval officer who guided the development of the Danish Navy in the late 17th century and led the Danish fleet to important victories over Sweden in the Scanian War (1676-79).
juge d'instruction: in France, magistrate responsible for conducting the investigative hearing that precedes a criminal trial. In this hearing the major evidence is gathered and presented, and witnesses are heard and depositions taken. If the juge d'instruction is not convinced that there ...
Jugendstil: artistic style that arose in Germany about the mid-1890s and continued through the first decade of the 20th century, deriving its name from the Munich magazine Die Jugend ("Youth"), which featured Art Nouveau designs. Two phases can be discerned in ...
juggler: (Latin joculare: "to jest"), entertainer who specializes in balancing and in feats of dexterity in tossing and catching items such as balls, plates, and knives. Its French linguistic equivalent, jongleur (q.v.), signifies much more than just juggling, though some of ...
Juglandales: the walnut order of flowering plants, consisting of two families, Rhoipteleaceae and Juglandaceae, belonging to the class called dicotyledon (q.v.; characterized by two seed leaves). Members of this order are trees bearing inconspicuous flowers, usually aggregated into conelike, pliable catkins. ...
Jugurtha: king of Numidia from 118 to 105, who struggled to free his North African kingdom from Roman rule.
Jui-tsung: fifth emperor of the T'ang dynasty of China, who was placed on the throne by his mother, Wu Hou, in 684, before she decided to set him aside and rule the country herself in 690. This was the first such ...
Juigalpa: city, central Nicaragua. It is situated on the flanks of the Sierras de Amerrique, in the rift valley in which Lakes Nicaragua and Managua are situated. The city is an agricultural and commercial centre: sugarcane, coffee, grain, and livestock are ...
Juilliard School: internationally renowned school of the performing arts in New York, New York, U.S. It is now the professional educational arm of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The Juilliard School offers bachelor's degrees in music, dance, and drama and ...
Juin, Alphonse: officer of the French army who became a leading Free French commander in World War II.
Juiz de Fora: city, southeastern Minas Gerais estado (state), Brazil. It is situated in the deep Paraibuna River valley between the Orgaos and Mantiqueira ranges. Formerly known as Paraibuna, Juiz de Fora is the centre of a highly developed agricultural ...
jujitsu: ("gentle art"), method of fighting that makes use of few or no weapons and employs holds, throws, and paralyzing blows to subdue an opponent. It evolved among the warrior class (bushi, or samurai) in Japan from about the 17th century. ...
jujube: either of two species of small, spiny trees of the genus Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae) and their fruit. Most are varieties of the common jujube (Z. jujuba), native to China, where they have been cultivated for more than 4,000 years. This ...
Jujuy: provincia, extreme northwestern Argentina, bordering Chile (west) and Bolivia (north), having an area of 20,548 square miles (53,219 square km). It comprises several cordilleras of the Andes-reaching elevations of 16,500 feet (5,000 m) and separated by a bleak plateau 11,500 ...
juku: Japanese privately run, after-hours tutoring school geared to help elementary and secondary students perform better in their regular daytime schoolwork and to offer cram courses in preparation for university entry examinations. Juku range from individual home-based tutorials to countrywide chains ...
Jukun: a people living on the upper Benue River in Nigeria, commonly believed to be descendants of the people of Kororofa, one of the most powerful Sudanic kingdoms during the late European Middle Ages. The ruins of a great settlement to ...
Juli, El: Spanish matador, who created a sensation in the bullfighting world at the end of the 20th century.
Julia: the Roman emperor Augustus' only child, whose scandalous behaviour eventually caused him to exile her.
Julia Domna: second wife of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus (reigned 193-211) and a powerful figure in the regime of his successor, the emperor Caracalla.
Julia Maesa: sister-in-law of the Roman emperor Septimius Severus and an influential power in the government of the empire who managed to make two of her grandsons emperors.
Julia Mamaea: mother of the Roman emperor Severus Alexander and the dominant power in his regime. Mamaea was the daughter of Julia Maesa and niece of the former emperor Septimius Severus. Maesa persuaded her grandson Elagabalus (emperor 218-222) to adopt Mamaea's son ...
Julian: Roman emperor from AD 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus ...
Julian Alps: range of the Eastern Alps, extending southeastward from the Carnic Alps (q.v.) and the town of Tarvisio in northeastern Italy to near the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia. Composed mainly of limestone, the mountains are bounded by the Fella River ...
Julian calendar: dating system established by Julius Caesar as a reform of the Roman republican calendar (q.v.). Caesar, advised by the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, made the new calendar solar, not lunar, and he took the length of the solar year as 365 ...
Julian Of Eclanum: bishop of Eclanum who is considered to be the most intellectual leader of the Pelagians (see Pelagianism).
Julian of Norwich: celebrated mystic whose Revelations of Divine Love (or Showings) is generally considered one of the most remarkable documents of medieval religious experience. She spent the latter part of her life as a recluse at St. Julian's Church, Norwich.
Julian period: chronological system now used chiefly by astronomers and based on the consecutive numbering of days from Jan. 1, 4713 BC. Not to be confused with the Julian calendar, the Julian period was proposed by the scholar Joseph Justus Scaliger in ...
Julian, George W.: American reform politician who began as an abolitionist, served in Congress as a Radical Republican during the American Civil War and Reconstruction eras, and later championed woman suffrage and other liberal measures.
Julian, Percy L.: American chemist, synthesist of cortisone, hormones, and other products from soybeans.
Juliana: queen of The Netherlands from 1948 to 1980.
Julianehab: principal town in southwestern Greenland, on Julianehab Fjord, an inlet in the Davis Strait. Founded in 1755 by Anders Olsen, a Norwegian merchant, and named for Queen Juliana Maria of Denmark, it is a seaport and trading station. Sheep raising, ...
Julich: former duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, centred on the town of Julich, located now in the Aachen district of the Land (state) of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Julio-Claudian Dynasty: (AD 14-68), the four successors of Augustus, the first Roman emperor: Tiberius (reigned 14-37), Caligula (37-41), Claudius I (41-54), and Nero (54-68). It was not a direct bloodline. Augustus had been the great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar (of ...
Julius Caesar: tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, produced in 1599-1600 and published in the First Folio of 1623 from a transcript of a promptbook.
Julius I, Saint: pope from 337 to 352. The papacy had been vacant four months when he was elected as St. Mark's successor on Feb. 6, 337. Julius then became the chief support of orthodoxy against Arianism, a heresy that held Christ to ...
Julius II: greatest art patron of the papal line (reigned 1503-13) and one of the most powerful rulers of his age. Although he led military efforts to prevent French domination of Italy, Julius is most important for his close friendship with Michelangelo ...
Julius III: original name Giovanni Maria Ciocchi Del Monte pope from 1550 to 1555.
Jullundur: city, administrative headquarters of Jullundur district, Punjab state, northwestern India. Jullundur is an ancient city; in the 7th century AD it was the capital of a Rajput kingdom. The third largest city in the state, it is an important rail ...
July: seventh month of the Gregorian calendar. It was named after Julius Caesar in 44 BCE. Its original name was Quintilis, Latin for the "fifth month," indicating its position in the early Roman calendar. See month and the accompanying