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Encyclopedias since 1768

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Jowett, Benjamin ... Judenrate

Jowett, Benjamin: British classical scholar, considered to be one of the greatest teachers of the 19th century. He was renowned for his translations of Plato and as an outstanding tutor of great influence who became master of Balliol College, Oxford.
Joy Division/New Order: British rock group who, as Joy Division, refined the external chaos of 1970s punk into a disquieting inner turmoil, ushering in the postpunk era. They later, as New Order, pioneered the successful fusion of rock and 1980s African-American dance music ...
Joyce, James: Irish novelist noted for his experimental use of language and exploration of new literary methods in such large works of fiction as Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939).
Joyce, William: English-language propaganda broadcaster from Nazi Germany during World War II whose nickname was derived from the sneering manner of his speech.
Joyeuse Entree: (French: "Joyous Entry"), during the European Middle Ages and the ancien regime, the ceremonial first visit of a prince to his country, traditionally the occasion for the granting or confirming of privileges.
Joyeuse, Anne, Duke de: French nobleman who became a leader of the Roman Catholic extremists opposing the Protestant Huguenots during the 16th-century Wars of Religion.
Joyner-Kersee, Jackie: American athlete, considered by many to be the greatest female athlete ever, who became the first participant to score more than 7,000 points in the heptathlon.
Jozsef, Attila: one of the greatest Hungarian poets of the 20th century. Although his first poems were published when he was 17, real renown came only after his death.
JPMorgan Chase & Co.: American banking and financial services company formed through the December 2000 merger of J.P. Morgan & Co. and The Chase Manhattan Corporation. It is headquartered in New York City.
Jrmie: town, southwestern Haiti, on the far northwestern coast of the long Tiburon Peninsula. Situated on the Gulf of Gonaives, it lies 120 miles (190 km) west of Port-au-Prince but is difficult to reach because of the condition of the mostly ...
Juan Carlos: king of Spain from November 22, 1975. He acceded to the Spanish throne two days after the death of Francisco Franco.
Juan de Austria: illegitimate son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and half brother of King Philip II of Spain who, as a Spanish military commander, achieved victory over the Turks in the historic naval Battle of Lepanto.
Juan de Fuca Strait: narrow passage, 11-17 miles (18-27 km) in width, of the eastern North Pacific Ocean, between the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, U.S., and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Can. Part of the United States-Canadian international boundary lies in mid-channel.
Juan Diego, Saint: indigenous Mexican convert to Roman Catholicism and saint who, according to tradition, was visited by the Virgin Mary (Our Lady of Guadalupe).
Juan Fernandez Islands: small cluster of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, situated about 400 miles (650 km) west of and administratively part of Valparaiso region, Chile. They consist of the 36-square-mile (93-square-kilometre) Isla Mas a Tierra (Nearer Land Island, also called Isla ...
Juan Jose de Austria: the most famous of the illegitimate children of King Philip IV of Spain. He served with some success as a Spanish military commander and from 1677 until his death was chief minister to King Charles II.
Juan Manuel, Don: nobleman and man of letters who has been called the most important prose writer of 14th-century Spain.
Juan-juan: Central Asian people of historical importance. Because of the titles of their rulers, khan and khagan, scholars believe that the Juan-juan were Mongols or Mongol-speaking peoples. The empire of the Juan-juan lasted from the beginning of the 5th century AD ...
Juantorena, Alberto: Cuban runner who won gold medals in both the 400- and 800-metre races at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, becoming the first athlete to win both races in one Olympics.
Juarez: city, northern Chihuahua estado ("state"), Mexico, on the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo del Norte) opposite El Paso, Texas, U.S., with which it is connected by bridges. Formerly known as El Paso del Norte, it was renamed in ...
Juarez, Benito: national hero of Mexico, president of Mexico (1861-72), who, for three years (1864-67), fought against foreign occupation under the emperor Maximilian and who sought constitutional reforms to create a democratic federal republic.
Juazeiro: city, northern Bahia estado ("state"), northeastern Brazil. It lies along the Sao Francisco River, at 1,224 feet (373 metres) above sea level. Juazeiro became a city in 1878. It is the trade and transportation centre for an ...
Juazeiro do Norte: city, southern Ceara estado ("state"), northeastern Brazil. It lies in the interior uplands, at the foot of the 2,953-foot (900-metre) Chapada do Araripe. Juazeiro do Norte and the nearby city of Crato are the main urban areas ...
juba: dance of Afro-American slaves, found as late as the 19th century from Dutch Guiana to the Caribbean and the southern United States. It was danced by a circle of men around two men who performed various steps (e.g., the juba, ...
Juba: town and major urban centre of southern Sudan. It is a port on the west bank of the Al-Jabal (Mountain Nile) River, about 87 miles (140 km) south of Bor. Juba is a commercial centre for tobacco, coffee, and chilies ...
Juba I: king of Numidia who sided with the followers of Pompey and the Roman Senate in their war against Julius Caesar in North Africa (49-45 BC).
Juba II: son of Juba I and king of the North African states of Numidia (29-25 BC) and Mauretania (25 BC-AD 24). Juba also was a prolific writer in Greek on a variety of subjects, including history, geography, grammar, and the theatre.
Jubayl, al-: port city, eastern Saudi Arabia, on the Persian Gulf north of az-Zahran, near the 'Abd al-'Aziz naval base. In the early 1970s the Saudi government chose al-Jubayl, an ancient fishing and pearling village, to be the site of a major ...
Jubba River: principal river of Somalia in northeastern Africa. Originating via its headwater streams in the Mendebo Mountains of southern Ethiopia, it flows about 545 miles (875 km) from Doolow on the Ethiopian frontier to the Indian Ocean just north of Kismaayo, ...
jube: (from the French jube), construction marking off the chancel, or sanctuary, of a church from the rest of the interior. Its mature medieval form consisted of three basic elements: a screen (known in England as a rood screen); a gallery, ...
Jubilee diamond: flawless, clear white diamond weighing almost 651 carats in rough form, as it was found in the Jaegersfontein mine in South Africa in 1895. It was faceted into a cushion brilliant of about 245 carats in 1897, the year of ...
Jubilee, Year of: in the Roman Catholic church, a celebration that is observed on certain special occasions and for 1 year every 25 years, under certain conditions, when a special indulgence is granted to members of the faith by the pope and confessors ...
Jubilees, Book of: pseudepigraphal work (not included in any canon of scripture), most notable for its chronological schema, by which events described in Genesis on through Exodus 12 are dated by jubilees of 49 years, each of which is composed of seven cycles ...
Jucar River: river in eastern Spain, rising in the Universales Mountains north of Cuenca. It flows in a southerly, then easterly, direction for 309 miles (498 km) through Cuenca, Albacete, and Valencia provincias and into the Gulf of Valencia, at Cullera. Beyond ...
Juchitan: city, southeastern Oaxaca estado ("state"), southern Mexico. It is on the Juchitan River (or De los Perros River), near the southern coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, at 125 feet (38 m) above sea level. Juchitan has long been one ...
Jud, Jakob: Swiss linguist who used comparative linguistics to reconstruct cultural history. He taught French at the lyceum of Zurich from 1906 to 1922 and afterward was professor of Romance languages at the University of Zurich.
Jud, Leo: Swiss religious Reformer, biblical scholar, and translator and an associate of Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger in the Zurich Reformation. He collaborated in drafting the first Helvetic Confession (an important Reformation creed; 1536).
Judaea: the southernmost of the three traditional divisions of ancient Palestine; the other two were Galilee in the north and Samaria in the centre. No clearly marked boundary divided Judaea from Samaria, but the town of Beersheba was traditionally the southernmost ...
Judaea and Samaria: biblical names for the area now known as the West Bank (q.v.).
Judah: one of the 12 tribes of Israel, descended from Judah, who was the fourth son born to Jacob and his first wife, Leah. It is disputed whether the name Judah was originally that of the tribe or the territory it ...
Judah ben Samuel: Jewish mystic and semilegendary pietist, a founder of the fervent, ultrapious movement of German Hasidism. He was also the principal author of the ethical treatise Sefer Hasidim (published in Bologna, 1538; "Book of the Pious"), possibly the most important extant ...
Judah ha-Levi: Jewish poet and religious philosopher. His works were the culmination of the development of Hebrew poetry within the Arabic cultural sphere. Among his major works are the poems collected in Diwan, the "Zionide" poems celebrating Zion, and ...
Judah ha-Nasi: one of the last of the tannaim, the small group of Palestinian masters of the Jewish Oral Law, parts of which he collected as the Mishna (Teaching). The Mishna became the subject of interpretation in the Talmud, the fundamental rabbinic ...
Judaism: the religion of the Jews. It is the complex expression of a religious and ethnic community, a way of life as well as a set of basic beliefs and values, which is discerned in patterns of action, social order, and ...
Judas Iscariot: one of the Twelve Apostles, notorious for betraying Jesus. Judas' surname is more probably a corruption of the Latin sicarius ("murderer" or "assassin") than an indication of family origin, suggesting that he would have belonged to the ...
Judas, Gospel of: apocryphal Christian scripture from the 2nd century AD attributed to the apostle Judas Iscariot. The gospel advances a Gnostic cosmology and portrays Judas in a positive light as the only apostle who fully understands Jesus' teachings.
JudasSaint: one of the original Twelve Apostles. He is distinguished in John 14:22 as "not Iscariot" to avoid identification with the betrayer of Jesus, Judas Iscariot. Listed in Luke 6:16 and Acts 1:13 as "Judas of James," some Biblical versions (e.g., ...
Judd, Charles Hubbard: U.S. psychologist and exponent of the use of scientific methods in the study of educational problems. His research dealt with psychological issues of school curriculum, pedagogical methods, and the nature of reading, language, and number.
Judd, Gerrit P: U.S. missionary to Hawaii who played a crucial role in governing the islands.
Jude, Letter of: brief New Testament letter written to a general Christian audience by one who called himself "Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James"; the author's identity is uncertain. The letter appeals to Christians to "contend for the faith ...
Judenrate: Jewish councils established in German-occupied Poland and eastern Europe during World War II to implement German policies and maintain order in the ghettos to which the Nazis confined the country's Jewish population. Reinhard Heydrich, chief of Nazi Germany's Gestapo, established ...