Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Jeffersonville ... Jemison, Mary

Jeffersonville: city, seat (1802-10; 1873) of Clark county, southern Indiana, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River (there bridged) at the head of the Falls of the Ohio, opposite Louisville, Ky. Built on land occupied by old Fort Steuben, it was ...
Jefferts Schori, Katharine: American prelate who in 2006 became the first female presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States. [2 Related Articles]
Jeffery, Michael: (from the article "Australia") Area: 7,692,208 sq km (2,969,978 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 20,857,000 | Capital: Canberra | Chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governor-General Michael Jeffery | Head of government: Prime Ministers John Howard and, from ...
Jeffords, James: (from the article "Republican Party") ...highest office. The Republicans also won a majority in both chambers of Congress (though the Democrats gained effective control of the Senate in 2001 following the decision of Republican Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont to became an independent). A surge ...
Jeffrey, Edward Charles: Canadian-American botanist who worked on the morphology and phylogeny of vascular plants.
Jeffrey, Francis Jeffrey, Lord: literary critic and Scottish judge, best known as the editor of The Edinburgh Review, a quarterly that was the preeminent organ of British political and literary criticism in the early 19th century. [2 Related Articles]
Jeffreys, Alec: (from the article "DNA fingerprinting") in genetics, method of isolating and making images of sequences of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The technique was developed in 1984 by the British geneticist Alec Jeffreys, after he noticed the existence of certain sequences of DNA (called minisatellites) that do ...
Jeffreys, George Jeffreys, 1st Baron: English judge notorious for his cruelty and corruption. He presided over the "Bloody Assizes" of 1685 following the failure of the duke of Monmouth's rebellion and was in charge of executing the unpopular religious policy of the Roman Catholic king ... [1 Related Articles]
Jeffreys, Sir Harold: British astronomer and geophysicist noted for his wide variety of scientific contributions. [4 Related Articles]
Jeffries, James Jackson: American boxer who was the world heavyweight champion from June 9, 1899, when he knocked out Bob Fitzsimmons in 11 rounds at Coney Island, New York City, until 1905, when he retired undefeated. Among his six successful title defenses were ... [3 Related Articles]
Jeffries, John: (from the article "Blanchard, Jean-Pierre-Francois") French balloonist who, with the American physician John Jeffries, made the first aerial crossing of the English Channel. He was also the first to make balloon flights in England, North America, Germany, Belgium, and Poland.
Jefri: (from the article "Brunei") ...the revised Brunei constitution launched two years earlier gave immunity to the sultan, who "can do no wrong in either his personal or any official capacity." The sultan's brother Prince Jefri, a former finance minister, viewed this as an attempt ...
Jehangir Art Gallery: (from the article "Mumbai") ...Museum of Western India), housed in a building that is a British architectural mixture of Hindu and Muslim styles, contains three main sections: art, archaeology, and natural history. Nearby is the Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai's first permanent art gallery and ...
Jehoiachin: in the Old Testament (II Kings 24), son of King Jehoiakim and king of Judah. He came to the throne at the age of 18 in the midst of the Chaldean invasion of Judah and reigned three months. He was ... [2 Related Articles]
Jehoiakim: in the Old Testament (II Kings 23:34-24:17; Jer. 22:13-19; II Chron. 36:4-8), son of King Josiah and king of Judah (c. 609-598 BC). When Josiah died at Megiddo, his younger son, Jehoahaz (or Shallum), was chosen king by the Judahites, ... [3 Related Articles]
Jehol Uplands: region of extremely complex and rugged topography in southwestern Liaoning province, northeastern Hopeh province, and southeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The area is mostly composed of Precambrian granites, gneiss, and crystalline shales, with some later (Mesozoic) sedimentary rocks. Extensively ...
Jehonadab: (from the article "Rechabite") member of a conservative, ascetic Israelite sect that was named for Rechab, the father of Jehonadab. Jehonadab was an ally of Jehu, a 9th-century-BC king of Israel, and a zealous antagonist against the worshippers of Baal, a Canaanite fertility deity. ...
Jehoram: one of two contemporary Old Testament kings. [2 Related Articles]
Jehoshaphat: king (c. 873-c. 849 BC) of Judah during the reigns in Israel of Ahab, Ahaziah, and Jehoram, with whom he maintained close political and economic alliances. Jehoshaphat aided Ahab in his unsuccessful attempt to recapture the city of Ramoth-gilead, joined ...
Jehovah's Witness: member of a millennialist sect that developed within the larger 19th-century Adventist movement in the United States and has since spread worldwide. The Jehovah's Witnesses are an outgrowth of the International Bible Students Association, which was founded in 1872 in ... [16 Related Articles]
Jehu: king (c. 842-815 BC) of Israel. He was a commander of chariots for the king of Israel, Ahab, and his son Jehoram, on Israel's frontier facing Damascus and Assyria. Ahab, son of King Omri, was eventually killed in a war ... [5 Related Articles]
Jehuda ben Moses Cohen: (from the article "Alfonsine Tables") ...assumed that the Earth was at the centre of the universe. The introduction states that the work was prepared in Toledo, Spain, for King Alfonso X of Leon and Castile under the direction of Jehuda ben Moses Cohen and Isaac ...
Jeitun: (from the article "Turkmenistan") ...in southern Turkmenistan from Paleolithic times to the present. Some of the earliest traces of agriculture in Central Asia were discovered some 20 miles (32 km) north of Ashgabat in the Neolithic Jeitun civilization, which may be dated to the ...
jejunum: (from the article "duodenum") ...mucous lining of the last two segments of the duodenum begins the absorption of nutrients, in particular iron and calcium, before the food contents enter the next part of the small intestine, the jejunum.small intestine
Jekyll Island: (from the article "Sea Islands") ...In the antebellum period, almost all of Sapelo Island became the domain of Thomas Spalding, a prominent Georgia slaveholder, planter, and legislator. In the last half of the 19th century, Jekyll Island was made an exclusive winter playground for members ...
Jekyll, Gertrude: English landscape architect who was the most successful advocate of the natural garden and who brought to the theories of her colleague William Robinson a cultivated sensibility he lacked. [3 Related Articles]
Jelacic, Josip, Graf: (Count) Croatian politician and soldier who, as ban, or provincial governor, of Croatia under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, helped crush the Hungarian nationalist revolt against the empire in 1848. [3 Related Articles]
Jelali Revolts: rebellions in Anatolia against the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first revolt occurred in 1519 near Tokat under the leadership of Celal, a preacher of Shi'ah Islam. Major revolts later occurred in 1526-28, 1595-1610, 1654-55, and ... [1 Related Articles]
Jelenia Gora: city, Dolnoslaskie wojewodztwo (province), southwestern Poland. It lies in the Sudeten (Sudety) mountains near the Czech border, at the confluence of the Bobr and Kamienna rivers.
Jelgava: city, Latvia, on the Lielupe River southwest of Riga. In 1226 the Brothers of the Sword, a religious and military order, built the castle of Mitau there; town status was conferred on the settlement in 1376. In 1561, when the ...
Jelinek, Elfriede: Austrian novelist and playwright noted for her controversial works on gender relations, female sexuality, and popular culture. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2004. [2 Related Articles]
jellaba: (from the article "dress") ...of heavy cream-coloured wool decorated with brightly coloured stripes or embroidery. A voluminous outer gown still worn throughout the Middle East in the Arab world is the jellaba, known as the jellabah in Tunisia, ...
Jellicoe, John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl, Viscount Jellicoe of Scapa, Viscount Brocas of Southampton: British admiral of the fleet who commanded at the crucial Battle of Jutland (May 31, 1916) during World War I. [4 Related Articles]
Jellicoe, Sir Geoffrey Alan: British landscape architect (b. Oct. 8, 1900, London, Eng.--d. July 17, 1996, Seaton, Devon, Eng.), considered landscape design the "mother of all arts" and for seven decades was one of its greatest practitioners. Such projects as the grounds of the ...
Jellinek, Adolf: rabbi and scholar who was considered to be the most forceful Jewish preacher of his time in central Europe.
Jellinek, Elvin M: American physiologist who was a pioneer in the scientific study of alcoholism.
Jellinek, Georg: German legal and political philosopher who, in his book Die sozialethische Bedeutung von Recht, Unrecht und Strafe (1878; 2nd ed., 1908; "The Social-Ethical Significance of Right, Wrong, and Punishment"), defined the law as an ethical minimum-i.e., as ...
Jelling: (from the article "Denmark") ...Gorm's son and successor, Harald I (Bluetooth), claimed to have unified Denmark, conquered Norway, and Christianized the Danes. His accomplishments are inscribed in runic on a huge gravestone at Jelling, one of the so-called Jelling stones. Harald's conquest of Norway ...
Jelling stones: two 10th-century royal gravestones found in Jutland, best known of all Danish runic inscriptions. The earlier stone, a memorial honouring Queen Thyre, was commissioned by her husband, King Gorm the Old, last pagan king of Denmark. The other, erected in ...
jelly: a semitransparent confection consisting of the strained juice of various fruits or vegetables, singly or in combination, sweetened, boiled, slowly simmered, and congealed, often with the aid of pectin, gelatin, or a similar substance. [2 Related Articles]
jelly bean: (from the article "jelly") The stiff, chewy consistency of the popular gumdrop and jelly bean candies is imparted by various grain starches. Jellies made from the seaweed extract agar-agar, valued for their clarity and body, are used to coat various candy centres or to ...
jellyfish: any planktonic marine member of the class Scyphozoa (phylum Cnidaria), a group of invertebrate animals composed of about 200 described species, or of the class Cubozoa (20 species). The term is also frequently applied to certain other cnidarians (such as ... [8 Related Articles]
Jelnik: (from the article "Jelenia Gora") Archaeological data indicate that the site was occupied by an ancient Slavic tribe. Permanent settlement was begun in the 11th century by Jelnik, a knight who built the castle Nowy Dwor. The surrounding settlement was known as Jelenia Gora. The ...
Jelutong Press: (from the article "Hadi, Sayyid Shaykh bin Ahmad, al-") After starting and helping to run several madrasahs (Islamic schools) in Singapore (1907), Malacca (1915), and Penang (1919), Sayyid Shaykh founded the Jelutong Press in Penang in 1927. For the next 14 years, until the Japanese invasion, Jelutong published a ...
Jemaa: town, Kaduna state, central Nigeria, near the Darroro Hills and on a road from Jos to Jagindi. A 2,000-year-old terra-cotta head discovered at Jemaa in 1944 proved to be vital to an understanding of the Nok culture, a civilization that ...
Jemaah Islamiyah: (from the article "Indonesia") ...authorities eventually identified the suicide bombers as part of the network led by two Malaysian terrorists, Azhari Husin and Noordin Mohammad Top, both of whom had been senior operatives of Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) but now seemed to be acting independently ...
Jemappes: (from the article "Borinage") ...southwest of Mons. Borinage's development was based on coal extracted from the area since the Middle Ages. The mines are no longer operative; the principal industries are metallurgy (in the town of Jemappes) and glassmaking (at Boussu). The city and ...
Jember: city, Jawa Timur provinsi (province), Java, Indonesia, located at the foot of Mount Argopuro, 95 miles (153 km) southeast of Surabaya, the provincial capital. Roads and railway link it with Banyuwangi to the east, Probolinggo to the ...
Jemgum, Battle of: (from the article "Louis of Nassau") ...the Netherlands's independence from Spain. He defeated Spanish troops at Heiligerlee, east of Groningen (May 23), where his brother Adolph was killed, but was decisively beaten by Alba's forces at Jemgum on the Ems (July 21). After fighting alongside his ...
Jemison, Mae: American physician and the first African American woman to become an astronaut. In 1992 she spent more than a week orbiting Earth in the space shuttle Endeavour.
Jemison, Mary: captive of Native American Indians, whose published life story became one of the most popular in the 19th-century genre of captivity stories.