Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Jihomoravsky ... Joachim I Nestor

Jihomoravsky: kraj (region), southeastern Czech Republic. Bordered by Jihocesky kraj to the west, Vychodocesky and Severomoravsky kraje to the north, Slovakia to the east, and Austria to the south, it has an area of 5,802 square miles (15,028 square km).
Jijel: town and roadstead port, northeastern Algeria, on the Mediterranean seacoast and the western edge of the Collo Kabylie region. The city of Jijel, originally a Phoenician trading post, passed successively to the Romans (as Igilgili), the Arabs, and, in the ...
Jili, al-: in full 'abd Al-karim Qutb Ad-din Ibn Ibrahim Al-jili mystic whose doctrines of the "perfect man" became popular throughout the Islamic world.
Jim Crow law: in U.S. history, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of the formal Reconstruction period in 1877 and the beginning of a strong civil rights movement in the 1950s. Jim ...
Jim Thorpe: borough (town), seat of Carbon county, eastern Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Lehigh River, in a valley of the Pocono Mountains, 22 miles (35 km) northwest of Allentown. It was created in 1954 with the merger of the boroughs of Mauch ...
Jima: town, southwestern Ethiopia, 220 miles (353 km) by road southwest of Addis Ababa. It lies at an elevation of 5,740 feet (1,750 m) in a forested region known for its coffee plantations. Jima serves as the commercial centre for the ...
Jimani: city, southwestern Dominican Republic. It is situated in a hilly region between the western shore of Lake Enriquillo and the Haitian border. The city is a trade centre for the coffee, fruits, and timber produced in the region. Jimani is ...
Jimenez de Cisneros, Francisco, Cardenal: (Cardinal) prelate, religious reformer, and twice regent of Spain (1506, 1516-17). In 1507 he became both a cardinal and the grand inquisitor of Spain, and during his public life he sought the forced conversion of the Spanish Moors and promoted ...
Jimenez de Quesada, Gonzalo: Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that won the region of New Granada (Colombia) for Spain.
Jimenez, Juan Ramon: Spanish poet awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956.
Jimeta: town, Adamawa state, eastern Nigeria. It lies on the south bank of the Benue River, and on the highway between Zing and Girei. Merged with Yola in 1935 by the Fulani administration, Jimeta regained independent town status with its own ...
Jimmu: legendary first emperor of Japan and founder of the imperial dynasty.
jimsonweed: annual, herbaceous, tropical plant (Datura stramonium) of the potato family (Solanaceae) that has become an introduced weed throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere. Its juices are poisonous, and it has a fairly unpleasant odour.
jinbi shanshui: style of Chinese landscape painting during the Sui (581-618) and Tang (618-907) dynasties.
Jind: city, central Haryana state, northwestern India, on road and rail routes to Delhi, 70 miles (110 km) southeast. Another rail line connects it eastward to Panipat. Jind is said to have been founded by the Pandavas of the Mahabharata epic, ...
Jindyworobak movement: brief nationalistic Australian literary movement of the 1930s to mid-1940s that sought to promote native ideas and traditions, especially in literature.
Jing Hao: important landscape painter and essayist of the Five Dynasties (907-960) period.
jingle shell: any of several marine invertebrates of the class Bivalvia belonging to the family Anomiidae. In most species of these oysterlike bivalves, one valve (i.e., half) of the shell is closely appressed to a rock surface and has a large hole ...
jingling Johnny: musical instrument consisting of a pole ornamented with a canopy (pavillon), a crescent, and other shapes hung with bells and metal jingling objects, and often surmounted by horsetails. It possibly originated as the staff of a Central Asian shaman, and ...
jingoism: an attitude of belligerent nationalism, the English equivalent of the term chauvinism. The term apparently originated in England during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 when the British Mediterranean squadron was sent to Gallipoli to restrain Russia and war fever was ...
Jingu: semilegendary empress-regent of Japan who is said to have established Japanese hegemony over Korea.
jingxi: popular Chinese theatrical form that developed in the mid-19th century. It incorporated elements of huidiao from Anhui, dandiao from Hubei, and kunqu, the traditional opera that had predominated since the 14th ...
jinja: in the Shinto religion of Japan, the place where the spirit of a deity is enshrined or to which it is summoned. Historically, jinja were located in places of great natural beauty; in modern times, however, urban shrines have become ...
Jinja: town, southeastern Uganda, eastern Africa, where the Nile flows out of Lake Victoria, at 3,740 feet (1,140 metres) above sea level. The second largest town in Uganda, it was founded in 1901 as a British administrative centre and became a ...
Jinji: site of an almost inaccessible fortress constructed by the Hindu rulers of the Vijayanagar Empire (c. 1347-1642). It is located about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Madras in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
Jinnah, Mohammed Ali: Indian Muslim politician, founder and first governor-general (1947-48) of Pakistan.
jinni: in Arabic mythology, a supernatural spirit below the level of angels and devils. Ghul (treacherous spirits of changing shape), 'ifrit (diabolic, evil spirits), and si'la (treacherous spirits of invariable form) constitute classes of jinn. Jinn are beings of flame or ...
Jinotega: city, north-central Nicaragua. It lies in the central highlands just south of Lake Apanas. The surrounding area is rugged, but its fertile soils produce coffee, tobacco, corn (maize), beans, potatoes, other vegetables, fruits, and wheat. Jinotega's industrial activities include flour ...
Jinotepe: city, southwestern Nicaragua. It is situated in the Diriamba Highlands at an elevation of 1,867 feet (569 m) above sea level. Given city status in 1883, it was a scene of heavy fighting in 1979 between Sandinista guerrillas and government ...
Jinpingmei: the first realistic social novel to appear in China. It is the work of an unknown author of the Ming dynasty, and its earliest extant version is dated 1617. Two English versions were published in 1939 under the titles The ...
Jinshin-no-ran: in Japanese history, war of imperial succession that brought an emperor with a secure military base to the Japanese throne for the first time in history. The war strengthened the power of the imperial family at the expense of powerful ...
Jirajara: Indians of northwestern Venezuela who were extinct by the mid-17th century. The little known about them suggests that they were very similar culturally to the Caquetio (q.v.).
Jirasek, Alois: the most important Czech novelist in the period before World War I, as well as a great national figure.
Jirja: town, Sawhaj muhafazah (governorate), Upper Egypt. It is situated on the west bank of the Nile River, which encroached considerably on the town in the 18th and 19th centuries. In pharaonic times it was probably the town of This (Tny), ...
jito: in feudal Japan, land steward appointed by the central military government, or shogunate, whose duties involved levying taxes and maintaining peace within the manor. First appointed at the beginning of the 12th century, the jito enforced the edicts of the ...
jitterbug: exuberant ballroom dance popular in the 1930s and '40s, originating in the United States and spread internationally by U.S. armed forces during World War II. Its original freewheeling acrobatic swings and lifts were modified for more conservative ballroom versions. Couples ...
Jiu River: river formed south of Petrosani, southwestern Romania, with the joining of two headstreams rising in the Valcan and Parang mountains. It then flows south, cutting a wild, deep gorge, the Surduc Pass in the Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians), before flowing ...
jiva: according to the Jaina philosophy of India, "living substance," or "souls," as opposed to ajiva (ajiva), or "nonliving substance."
Jivaro: South American Indian people living in the Montana (the eastern slopes of the Andes), in Ecuador and Peru north of the Maranon River. They speak a language of the Jebero-Jivaroan group. An aboriginal population was once about 30,000 but now ...
Jizah, Al-: city, capital of al-Jizah muhafazah (governorate) of Upper Egypt, located on the west bank of the Nile just south-southwest of Cairo. It is a suburb of the national capital, with a distinctive character enriched by several archaeological and cultural sites.
Jizah, Al-: muhafazah (governorate) of Upper Egypt, on the west bank of the Nile, extending toward the southwest into the Western (Libyan) Desert as far as Al-Wadi al-Jadid governorate. It is bordered on the north by Al-Minufiyah governorate and on the south ...
Jizera Mountains: part of the Sudeten mountain ranges in northern Bohemia, Czech Republic, extending into Poland. It comprises a small group of peaks, though it has the highest point in the Czech Republic, at Jizera (3,681 feet [1,122 m]); Wysoka Kopa in ...
Jizera River: tributary of the Elbe (Labe) River in northern Czech Republic. It rises at the southern base of Smrk Mountain on the Polish border, in the Giant (Krkonose) Mountains, and flows generally south past Turnov and Mlada Boleslav. It reaches the ...
jizya: head or poll tax that early Islamic rulers demanded from their non-Muslim subjects.
Jizzax: city, eastern Uzbekistan. The city is located in a small oasis irrigated by the Sanzar River, northeast of Samarkand. One of the most ancient settlements of Uzbekistan, it was situated on the trade routes to the Mediterranean near Tamerlane's Gates, ...
jnana: ("knowledge"), in Hindu philosophy, knowledge that is a total experience of its object, particularly the supreme being or reality, as contrasted with vijnana, "knowing one thing from another," or "practical knowledge." The nature of jnana depends importantly on that of ...
Jnanadeva: foremost of the Indian Maharashtrian mystical poets, author of the highly acclaimed Jnanesvari, a commentary in Marathi verse on the Bhagavadgita ("The Lord's Song").
Jo-erh-kai Marsh: large marsh lying mostly in north-central Szechwan sheng (province), China. It lies on the Tsinghai-Tibet plateau and extends across the border of Szechwan into southeastern Tsinghai province. It occupies 1,000 square miles (2,600 square km) of the southwestern part of ...
Joab: in the Old Testament (2 Samuel), a Jewish military commander under King David, who was his mother's brother. He led the commando party that captured Jerusalem for David and as a reward was appointed commander in chief of the army. ...
Joachim Frederick: elector of Brandenburg (1598-1608), eldest son of Elector John George.
Joachim I Nestor: elector of Brandenburg, an opponent of the Habsburg emperors, yet a devout Roman Catholic who prevented the spread of Protestantism in his lands during his lifetime.