Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Jerez de Garcia Salinas ... Jew

Jerez de Garcia Salinas: city, south-central Zacatecas estado ("state"), north-central Mexico. Formerly known simply as Jerez, the city is on the Jerez River, 6,650 feet (2,027 m) above sea level and southwest of Zacatecas, the state capital. It is the commercial and manufacturing centre ...
Jerez de la Frontera: city, Cadiz provincia, in the comunidad autonoma ("autonomous community") of Andalusia, southwestern Spain. It lies northeast of Cadiz city and near the north bank of the Guadalete River. Of obscure origin but probably identical with the Roman Asido Caesariana, the ...
Jericho: town in the disputed West Bank area occupied by Israel since 1967, on the west side of the Jordan River valley. It is one of the earliest continuous settlements in the world, dating perhaps from about 9000 BC.
Jernberg, Sixten: Swedish Nordic skier who won nine Olympic medals in cross-country skiing competition.
Jerne, Niels K.: Danish immunologist who shared the 1984 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler for his theoretical contributions to the understanding of the immune system.
Jerome Of Prague: Czech philosopher and theologian whose advocacy of sweeping religious reform in the Western Church made him one of the first Reformation leaders in central Europe.
Jerome, Chauncey: American inventor and clockmaker whose products enjoyed widespread popularity in the mid-19th century.
Jerome, Jerome K: English novelist and playwright whose humour-warm, unsatirical, and unintellectual-won him wide following.
Jerome, Saint: ; feast day September 30, biblical translator and monastic leader, traditionally regarded as the most learned of the Latin Fathers. He lived for a time as a hermit, became a priest, served as secretary to Pope Damasus, and about 389 ...
Jerrold, Douglas William: English playwright, journalist, and humorist.
Jersey: largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands, 12 miles (19 km) west of the Cotentin peninsula of France; its capital, St. Helier (q.v.), is 100 miles south of Weymouth, Eng. Jersey is about 10 miles across and 5 miles from ...
Jersey: breed of small short-horned dairy cattle originating on Jersey, one of the Channel Islands; it is believed to have descended from French cattle. The colour of the Jersey is usually a shade of fawn or cream, but darker shades are ...
Jersey Act: resolution passed in 1913 by the English Jockey Club and named after its sponsor, Victor Albert George, 7th Earl of Jersey, one of the club stewards. It declared that the only horses and mares acceptable for registration in the General ...
Jersey City: city, seat (1840) of Hudson county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It is situated on a peninsula between the Hudson and Hackensack rivers, opposite Manhattan Island, New York City, with which it is connected by the Holland Tunnel and the Port ...
Jersey Zoological Park: zoo on the island of Jersey, in the British Isles, primarily devoted to keeping and breeding endangered species, especially island forms and small mammals and reptiles. The zoo, situated on 14 hectares (35 acres) of rolling hills, was founded in ...
Jerusalem: ancient city of the Middle East that since 1967 has been wholly under the rule of the State of Israel.
Jerusalem artichoke: sunflower (Helianthus tuberosus) of the Asteraceae family, native to North America, noted for its edible tubers. The aboveground part of the plant is a coarse, usually multibranched, frost-tender perennial, 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 feet) tall. The numerous ...
Jerusalem cricket: any insect of the orthopteran family Stenopelmatidae of about 35 species. It is large, brownish, and awkward and is found in Asia, South Africa, and North and Central America.
Jerusalem Post, The: Israeli English-language daily newspaper established in 1932 as the Palestine Post. It adopted its current name in 1950 and is the largest English-language daily in the country. A morning paper appearing daily except Saturday,
Jerusalem, Assizes of: a law code based on a series of customs and practices that developed in the Latin crusader kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century. It stands as one of the most complete monuments of feudal law.
Jerusalem, Council of: a conference of the Christian Apostles in Jerusalem in about AD 50 which decreed that Gentile Christians did not have to observe the Mosaic Law of the Jews. It was occasioned by the insistence of certain Judaic Christians from Jerusalem ...
Jerusalem, kingdom of: a state formed in 1099 from territory in Palestine wrested from the Muslims by European Christians during the First Crusade and lasting until 1291, when the two surviving cities of the kingdom succumbed to attacks by Muslim armies.
Jerusalem, Synod of: (1672), council of the Eastern Orthodox church convened by Dositheos, patriarch of Jerusalem, in order to reject the Confession of Orthodox Faith (1629), by Cyril Lucaris, which professed most of the major Calvinist doctrines. The synod rejected unconditional predestination (the ...
Jerusalem, Temple of: either of two temples that were the centre of worship and national identity in ancient Israel.
Jervis Bay: inlet of the Tasman Sea, southeastern New South Wales, Australia. A broad bay, 10 miles (16 km) by 6 miles (10 km), it is partly enclosed by Point Perpendicular on Beecroft Head on the northeast and by Governor Head on ...
Jervis, John Bloomfield: American civil engineer who made outstanding contributions in construction of U.S. canals, railroads, and water-supply systems.
Jesenik Mountains: mountain range that forms the eastern section of the Sudeten mountain system in the northern Czech Republic. The range lies in northern Moravia, bordering the Polish frontier. The Hruby (High) Jesenik, also known as Vysoky Jesenik, reaches the highest point ...
Jesi: town and episcopal see, Ancona provincia, Marche regione, east-central Italy. Jesi lies along the Esino River, just southwest of Ancona. The Roman colony of Aesis from 247 BC, it was destroyed by the Goths and Lombards and formed part of ...
Jespersen, Otto: Danish linguist and a foremost authority on English grammar. He helped to revolutionize language teaching in Europe, contributed greatly to the advancement of phonetics, linguistic theory, and the history of English, and originated an international language, Novial (q.v.).
Jesse: in the Old Testament, the father of King David. Jesse was the son of Ohed, and the grandson of Boaz and Ruth. He was a farmer and sheep breeder in Bethlehem. David was the youngest of Jesse's eight sons. The ...
Jessel, George: American comedian, actor, writer, composer, and producer, whose skill as a dinner speaker earned him the honorary title of Toastmaster General of the United States.
Jessel, Sir George: jurist considered one of the greatest English trial judges in equity. It is said that Jessel, as solicitor general (1871-73), was the first professing Jew to hold important governmental office in England. (Benjamin Disraeli, who had become prime minister in ...
Jessner, Leopold: theatrical producer and director associated with the German Expressionist theatre. His bold innovations in the 1920s gained him an international reputation.
Jessore: city, southwestern Bangladesh, on the Bhairab River. According to tradition its name is a corruption of yasohara ("glory depriving"), as the town is said to have robbed Vikramaditya's 17th-century capital of Gaur of its preeminence. Ancient buildings include the Rajbari ...
Jesuit: a Roman Catholic order of religious men, founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, noted for its educational, missionary, and charitable works, once regarded by many as the principal agent of the Counter-Reformation and later a leading force in modernizing the ...
Jesuit drama: program of theatre developed for educational and propagandist purposes in the colleges of the Society of Jesus during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. Cultivated as a medium for disseminating Roman Catholic doctrine, drama flourished in the Jesuit schools for ...
Jesuit Estates controversy: in Canadian history, dispute that arose between Protestants and Roman Catholics after the re-establishment of the Jesuit order.
Jesuit ware: Chinese porcelain decorated with European subject matter and made for export to the West during the Qing dynasty in the reign of Qianlong (1736-96). The sources for the decoration were mainly European engravings brought to China by Jesuit missionaries. The ...
Jesus and Mary Chain, the: British alternative rock band whose landmark debut album, Psychocandy (1985), mixed cheery power-pop melodies with feedback-distorted guitar playing and the drone of sombre lyrics. Influenced by the Sex Pistols and the Velvet Underground as well as by the Beach Boys ...
Jesus Christ: founder of Christianity, one of the world's largest religions, and the incarnation of God according to most Christians. His teachings and deeds are recorded in the New Testament, which is essentially a theological document that makes discovery of the "historical ...
Jesus Only: movement of believers within Pentecostalism who hold that true Baptism can only be "in the name of Jesus" rather than in the name of the Trinity. It began at a Pentecostal camp meeting in California in 1913 when one of ...
Jesus prayer: in Eastern Christianity, a mental invocation of the name of Jesus Christ, considered most efficacious when repeated continuously. The most widely accepted form of the prayer is "Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me." It reflects the ...
jet engine: any of a class of internal-combustion engines that propel aircraft by means of the rearward discharge of a jet of fluid, usually hot exhaust gases generated by burning fuel with air drawn in from the atmosphere.
jet stream: any of several long, narrow high-speed air currents that flow eastward in a generally horizontal zone in the stratosphere or upper troposphere. Jet streams are characterized by wind motions that generate strong vertical shearing action, which is thought to be ...
jete: (French jete: "thrown"), ballet leap in which the weight of the dancer is transferred from one foot to the other. The dancer "throws" one leg to the front, side, or back and holds the other leg in any desired position ...
Jethro: in the Old Testament, priest of Midian of the Kenite clan, with whom Moses took refuge after he killed an Egyptian and whose daughter Moses married (Exodus 3:1).
jetty: any of a variety of engineering structures connected with river, harbour, and coastal works designed to influence the current or tide or to protect a harbour or beach from waves (breakwater). The two principal kinds of jetties are those constructed ...
Jeune Afrique L'intelligent: weekly newsmagazine in the French language that presents news and interpretative and editorial commentary on Africa, especially French-speaking Africa. It is published in Paris and is the preeminent newsmagazine covering African affairs in French and perhaps in any language. Founded ...
Jeune Belgique, La: ("Young Belgium"), influential review (1881-97), edited by poet and novelist Max Waller; it gave its name to a literary movement (though never a formal "school") that aimed to express a genuinely Belgian consciousness and to free the literature of Belgium ...
Jevons, William Stanley: English logician and economist whose book The Theory of Political Economy (1871) expounded the "final" (marginal) utility theory of value. Jevons's work, along with similar discoveries made by Karl Menger in Vienna (1871) and by Leon Walras ...
Jew: any person whose religion is Judaism (q.v.). In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves ...