| | - inflector
- (from the article "particle accelerator") Particles accelerated in a large synchrotron are commonly injected by a linear accelerator and are steered into the ring by a device called an inflector. They begin their acceleration in the ring when the magnetic field is small. As the ...
- inflorescence
- in a flowering plant, a cluster of flowers on a branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a main axis (peduncle) and by the timing of its flowering ... [11 Related Articles]
- inflow
- (from the article "weather forecasting") ...a rotary counterclockwise circulation around the centre of lowest pressure. The American meteorologist James P. Espy subsequently proposed in his Philosophy of Storms (1841) that air would flow toward the regions of lowest pressure and then would be forced upward, ...
- influenza
- an acute viral infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract that is marked by fever, chills, and a generalized feeling of weakness and pain in the muscles, together with varying degrees of soreness in the head and abdomen. [9 Related Articles]
- influenza epidemic of 1918-19
- the most severe influenza outbreak of the 20th century and, in terms of total numbers of deaths, among the most devastating epidemics in human history. [6 Related Articles]
- influenza type A virus
- (from the article "Bird Flu-The Next Human Pandemic?") The deadly disease is caused by the H5N1 strain of type A influenza virus. The H5N1 strain, which was first isolated from terns in South Africa in 1961, is now common in waterfowl such as wild ducks, which can then ...
- influenza type B virus
- (from the article "influenza") ...similar symptoms but are completely unrelated antigenically, so that infection with one type confers no immunity against the others. The A viruses cause the great influenza epidemics, and the B viruses cause smaller localized outbreaks; the C viruses are not ...
- influenza virus
- (from the article "croup") Viral infections are the most common cause of croup, the most frequent being those with the parainfluenza and influenza viruses. Such infections are most prevalent among children under the age of three years, and they strike most frequently in late ...
- Infocom
- (from the article "electronic game") ...and Dragons, various board games, and Crowther's Adventure. Interactive fiction was a particularly successful format on personal computers. Infocom, perhaps the most successful computer game company of the early 1980s, adapted this style of game to a ...
- informal economy
- (from the article "urban culture") The large-scale urbanization in the neocolonial city differs from the urbanization that characterized the industrial city earlier. It gives rise to what has been called the informal economy in these cities. The informal economy consists of urban services and products ...
- informal fallacy
- (from the article "applied logic") ..."in discourse," in contrast to the substantive, or material, fallacies of group 1, called fallacies "in matter"; and groups 1 and 2, in contrast to group 3, are called informal fallacies.verbal fallacy
- informal sector
- (from the article "Asia") ...It is the service sectors of the expanding cities that have shown the fastest growth in employment in recent years. In the poorer countries much of the employment growth is in what is known as the informal sector-a term referring ...
- Informalism
- (from the article "Latin American art") Abstract Expressionism, which arose in part out of Surrealism, dominated painting in the United States in the 1950s. It was better known in Latin America by its French name, Informalism, and it had many Latin American adherents. The name Informalism ...
- informalism
- (from the article "analytic philosophy") ...would make clear the logically permissible inferences to and from such sentences and thereby establish the logical boundaries of the concept under study. Another tradition, sometimes referred to as informalism, similarly turned to the sentences in which the concept was ...
- informant
- (from the article "ethnography") ...that affects their objectivity. In addition to the technique of participant-observation, the contemporary ethnographer usually selects and cultivates close relationships with individuals, known as informants, who can provide specific information on ritual, kinship, or other significant aspects of cultural life. ...
- information
- (from the article "animal communication") The information involved in animal communication can come from many sources; any facet of the environment perceived is considered information. In linguistic communication the primary function of words is to convey information. Similarly, animals (including man) have modes of behaviour ...
- information
- (from the article "indictment") ...if the prescribed penalties include imprisonment for more than three months. In the United States the indictment is only one of three principal methods of charging offenses, the others being the information (i.e., a written accusation resembling an indictment, prepared ...
- information economics
- (from the article "economics") Toward the end of the 20th century, information economics became an increasingly important specialization. It is almost wholly the legacy of a single article entitled The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism by George ...
- Information Management System
- (from the article "computer science") ...disk) and to provide the user with commands to query and update the database. The relational approach is currently the most popular, as older hierarchical data management systems, such as IMS, the information management system produced by IBM, are being ...
- information processing
- the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, display, and dissemination of information. In recent years, the term has often been applied to computer-based operations specifically. [29 Related Articles]
- Information Processing Language
- (from the article "artificial intelligence") In the course of their work on the Logic Theorist and GPS, Newell, Simon, and Shaw developed their Information Processing Language (IPL), a computer language tailored for AI programming. At the heart of IPL was a highly flexible data structure ...
- Information Processing Techniques Office
- (from the article "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency") ...recognized that the problem of command, control, and communication of the nation's military forces was one that computer technology might affect. Thus, in 1962 Ruina oversaw the creation of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) under the direction of Joseph ...
- information processor
- (from the article "information processing") Information processors are components of an information system, which is a class of constructs. An abstract model of an information system features four basic elements: processor, memory, receptor, and effector (Figure 1). The processor has several functions: (1) to carry ...
- information requirement
- (from the article "intelligence") ...armed force, target, or physical environment that are absolutely vital for timely and accurate decision making. On the tactical level intelligence needs are defined in a similar manner; often called information requirements, they are those items of information concerning the ...
- information science
- discipline that deals with the processes of storing and transferring information. It attempts to bring together concepts and methods from various disciplines such as library science, computer science and engineering, linguistics, psychology, and other technologies in order to develop techniques ... [8 Related Articles]
- information society
- (from the article "information processing") ...activities since the beginning of the 20th century. By 1975 these activities accounted for half of the labour force of the United States (see Table 1), giving rise to the so-called information society.
- information system
- an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, processing, and communicating information. Business firms, other organizations, and individuals in contemporary society rely on information systems to manage their operations, compete in the marketplace, supply services, and augment personal lives. For ... [19 Related Articles]
- Information Technology Agreement
- (from the article "tariff") Advances in information technology since the 1990s have altered the focus of many trade agreements. In 1997 the WTO's Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and Basic Telecommunications Agreement (BTA) reduced the tariffs on computer and telecommunications products and some intangible goods ...
- information theory
- a mathematical representation of the conditions and parameters affecting the transmission and processing of information. Most closely associated with the work of the American electrical engineer Claude Elwood Shannon in the mid-20th century, information theory is chiefly of interest to ... [11 Related Articles]
- informed consent
- (from the article "health law") Perhaps the most important development in patients' rights has been that in the United States regarding the doctrine of informed consent. Originally articulated in the 1947 Nuremberg Code as applied to human experimentation, today it applies to medical treatment as ...
- Infosys Technologies Ltd.
- (from the article "Offshoring") ...operations in Beijing, while Intel was doing the same in Russia. Aetna planned to cut up to 10% of its IT staff while likely increasing outsourcing agreements with Indian companies such as Infosys Technologies Ltd. Even Infosys CEO Narayana Murthy ...
- infraciliature
- (from the article "protist") ...associated with their locomotory organelles or with the basal bodies, or both, the organelles in the ciliates have developed a more complex and elaborate subpellicular infrastructure. Called the infraciliature, or kinetidal system, it lies principally in the outer, or cortical, ...
- infralittoral zone
- (from the article "marine ecosystem") ...is above the high-tide mark and is usually not under water. The intertidal, or littoral, zone ranges from the high-tide mark (the maximum elevation of the tide) to the shallow, offshore waters. The sublittoral is the environment beyond the low-tide ...
- infraorbital foramen
- (from the article "skeletal system, human") The infraorbital foramen, an opening into the floor of the eye socket, is the forward end of a canal through which passes the infraorbital branch of the maxillary nerve, the second division of the fifth cranial nerve. It lies slightly ...
- infraorbital nerve
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...the upper teeth and gingiva and the lining of the maxillary sinus, (3) the nasal and palatine nerves, which serve portions of the nasal cavity and the mucosa of the hard and soft palate, and (4) the infraorbital, zygomaticotemporal, and ...
- Infrared Astronomical Satellite
- U.S.-U.K.-Netherlands satellite launched in 1983 that was the first space observatory to map the entire sky at infrared wavelengths. [6 Related Articles]
- infrared astronomy
- study of astronomical objects through observations of the infrared radiation that they emit. Various types of celestial objects-including the planets of the solar system, stars, nebulae, and galaxies-give off energy at wavelengths in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum ... [5 Related Articles]
- infrared chemiluminescence
- (from the article "Polanyi, John C.") Polanyi developed a technique that is known as infrared chemiluminescence based on the observation that molecules, when excited, emit infrared light. By means of spectroscopic analysis of the changes in emitted light that take place during a chemical reaction, he ...
- infrared imagery
- (from the article "warning system") In the very near infrared region, infrared imaging detectors use specially sensitized photographic film to reveal forms hidden by camouflage. More important are the detectors used in the far infrared region; objects at room temperature radiate sufficient energy for detection ...
- infrared photography
- (from the article "electromagnetic radiation") ...haze and certain pollutants that scatter visible light are nearly transparent to parts of the infrared spectrum because the scattering efficiency increases with the fourth power of the frequency. Infrared photography of distant objects from the air takes advantage of ...
- infrared radiation
- that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that extends from the long wavelength, or red, end of the visible-light range to the microwave range. Invisible to the eye, it can be detected as a sensation of warmth on the skin. The ... [13 Related Articles]
- infrared sensor
- (from the article "warning system") Infrared sensors on the ground, or in aircraft or spacecraft, can detect such hot spots as motor-vehicle engines, hot jet engines, missile exhausts, even campfires. They have good location accuracy and high sensitivity to signals, without registering such false targets ...
- infrared source
- in astronomy, any of various celestial objects that radiate measurable quantities of energy in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such objects include the Sun and the planets, certain stars, nebulae, and galaxies. A number of known infrared sources ...
- Infrared Space Observatory
- European Space Agency (ESA) satellite that observed astronomical sources of infrared radiation from 1995 to 1998.
- infrared spectrophotometry
- (from the article "analysis") Absorbed infrared radiation causes rotational changes in molecules, as described for microwave absorption above, and also causes vibrational changes. The vibrational energy levels within a molecule correspond to the ways in which the individual atoms or groups of atoms vibrate ...
- infrared spectroscopy
- (from the article "spectroscopy") This technique covers the region of the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible (wavelength of 800 nanometres) and the short-wavelength microwave (0.3 millimetre). The spectra observed in this region are primarily associated with the internal vibrational motion of molecules, but a ...
- infrared telescope
- (from the article "telescope") Telescopic systems of this type do not really differ significantly from reflecting telescopes designed to observe in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The main difference is in the physical location of the infrared telescope, since infrared photons have ...
- infrasonics
- vibrational or stress waves in elastic media, having a frequency below those of sound waves that can be detected by the human ear-i.e., below 20 hertz. The range of frequencies extends down to geologic vibrations that complete one cycle in ... [1 Related Articles]
- infraspinous fossa
- (from the article "scapula") ...the levels of the second and eighth ribs. A scapula's posterior surface is crossed obliquely by a prominent ridge, the spine, which divides the bone into two concave areas, the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae. The spine and fossae give attachment ...
- infrastructure
- (from the article "Angola") ...stage of a nationwide campaign against polio took place, and hundreds of thousands of children were immunized in provinces as far apart as Cabinda, Huambo, and Cunene. Improvement of the country's infrastructure remained a priority, and provision was made for ...
- infratrack
- (from the article "radiation") The bulk of energy deposition resulting from the passage of a fast-moving, charged particle is concentrated in the "infratrack," a very narrow region extending typically on the order of 10 interatomic distances perpendicular to the particle trajectory. The extent of ...
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