| | - infectious disease
- in medicine, a process caused by a microorganism that impairs a person's health. An infection, by contrast, is the invasion of and replication in the body by any of various microbial agents-including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and worms-as well as ... [37 Related Articles]
- infectious waste
- (from the article "environmental works") Infectious wastes include used bandages, hypodermic needles, and other materials from hospitals or biological research facilities. Radioactive wastes emit ionizing energy that can harm living organisms. Because some radioactive materials can persist in the environment for many thousands of years ...
- inference
- in logic, derivation of conclusions from given information or premises by any acceptable form of reasoning. Inferences are commonly drawn (1) by deduction, which, by analyzing valid argument forms, draws out the conclusions implicit in their premises, (2) by induction, ... [14 Related Articles]
- inference
- in statistics, the process of drawing conclusions about a parameter one is seeking to measure or estimate. Often scientists have many measurements of an object-say, the mass of an electron-and wish to choose the best measure. One principal approach of ... [3 Related Articles]
- inference engine
- (from the article "expert system") In order to accomplish feats of apparent intelligence, an expert system relies on two components: a knowledge base and an inference engine. A knowledge base is an organized collection of facts about the system's domain. An inference engine interprets and ...
- inference schema
- (from the article "formal logic") ...each is of the form:(3) Every X is a Y.Some Z's are X's.∴ Some Z's are Y's.Line (3) above may be called an inference form, and (1) and (2) are then instances of that inference form. The letters-X, Y, and ...
- inference, rules of
- (from the article "metalogic") If, in addition, a formal system in a formal language is introduced, certain syntactic concepts arise-namely, axioms, rules of inference, and theorems. Certain sentences are singled out as axioms. These are (the basic) theorems. Each rule of inference is an ...
- inferior alveolar nerve
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...the ears (auriculotemporal nerve), (3) oral mucosa, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, gingiva adjacent to the tongue, and the floor of the mouth (lingual nerve), and (4) the mandibular teeth (inferior alveolar nerve). Skin over the lateral and anterior ...
- inferior colliculus
- (from the article "ear, human") ...lemniscus. There they are joined by the fibres from the ventral cochlear nuclei of both sides and from the olivary complex. The lemniscus is a major tract, most of the fibres of which end in the inferior colliculus, the auditory ...
- inferior conjunction
- (from the article "conjunction") ...Sun and the side turned toward the Earth is dark. Inferior planets-those with orbits smaller than the Earth's (namely, Venus and Mercury)-have two kinds of conjunctions with the Sun. An inferior conjunction occurs when the planet passes approximately between Earth ...
- inferior court
- (from the article "court") Finally, in most jurisdictions there are institutions called, unfortunately and for want of a better term, "inferior" courts. These are often staffed by part-time judges who are not necessarily trained in the law. They handle minor civil cases involving small ...
- inferior ganglion of vagus
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...exits the cranial cavity via the jugular foramen. Within the foramen is the superior ganglion, containing cell bodies of general somatic afferent fibres, and just external to the foramen is the inferior ganglion, containing visceral afferent cells.
- inferior mesenteric ganglion
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...Thus, the celiac ganglion innervates the stomach, liver, pancreas, and the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine; the superior mesenteric ganglion innervates the small intestine; and the inferior mesenteric ganglion innervates the descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary ...
- inferior salivatory nucleus
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...and palatine glands, while neurons of the submandibular ganglion innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. A second group of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons belongs to the inferior salivatory nucleus, located in the caudal part of the medullary reticular formation. Neurons ...
- inferior vena cava
- (from the article "vena cava") The inferior vena cava is formed by the coming together of the two major veins from the legs, the common iliac veins, at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra, just below the small of the back. Unlike the superior ...
- inferior vesical artery
- (from the article "renal system") ...of the bladder, and one of its branches (in males) gives off the artery to the ductus deferens, a part of the passageway for sperm. The middle vesical artery supplies the base of the bladder. The inferior vesical artery supplies ...
- inferiority complex
- a psychological sense of inferiority that is wholly or partly unconscious. The term has been used by some psychiatrists and psychologists, particularly the followers of the early psychoanalyst Alfred Adler, who held that many neurotic symptoms could be traced to ... [2 Related Articles]
- Infernillo phase
- (from the article "Stone Age") ...it is known that it extended into Mexico, where, in the state of Tamaulipas, Desert materials have been found associated with the earliest known cultivated plants in the New World. Here, in the Infernillo phase, it appears that native American ...
- infertility
- the inability of a couple to conceive and reproduce. Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive after one year of regular intercourse without contraception or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth. Infertility ... [6 Related Articles]
- infestation
- (from the article "animal disease") The term infestation indicates that animals, including spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), roundworms (Nematoda), flatworms (Platyhelminthes), and arthropods such as lice, fleas, mites, and ticks, are present in or on the body of a host. An infestation is not necessarily parasitic. Table ...
- infibulation
- (from the article "female genital cutting") ...the prepuce (clitoral hood) is also removed.Excision. Type 2 FGC involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora. It can also include the removal of the labia majora.Infibulation (also called Pharoanic circumcision). The vaginal opening ...
- infield
- (from the article "baseball") Baseball is a contest between two teams of 9 or (if a designated hitter is allowed to take the pitcher's turn at bat) 10 players each. The field of play is divided into the infield and the outfield. Within the ...
- infield fly rule
- (from the article "baseball") The infield fly rule protects base runners from the deception of an infielder who may allow an infield fly ball to drop, thus setting up an easy force play. The rule applies only if both first and second are occupied ...
- infielder
- (from the article "baseball") The infielders form the inner ring of defense. They sometimes catch line drives on the fly, but mainly they pick up ground balls that roll toward the outfield or shoot swiftly across the grass on one or more bounces. When ...
- infiltrating ductal carcinoma
- (from the article "breast cancer") ...Cancers of these tissues are called lobular carcinomas and ductal carcinomas. Because these tissues are glandular, both cancers are called adenocarcinomas. The most common type of tumour, called infiltrating ductal carcinoma, is a single hard, barely movable lump. This type ...
- infiltration
- (from the article "advanced ceramics") The siliconization of RBSC is a good example of infiltration, which may be described as any technique of filling in pores by reaction with or deposition from a liquid or vapour. In the case of liquid reaction, the technique is ...
- infiltration
- (from the article "hydrologic sciences") When water from a rainstorm or a period of snowmelt reaches the ground, some or all of it will infiltrate the soil. The rate of infiltration depends on the intensity of the input, the initial moisture condition of the surface ...
- infiltration anesthesia
- (from the article "drug") ...the physiochemical properties of the drug molecules. The drug may be injected subcutaneously around sensory nerve endings, enabling minor procedures such as repair of skin laceration. This is called infiltration anesthesia. Some local anesthetics are applied directly to mucous membranes, ...
- infiltration gallery
- (from the article "environmental works") ...of an aquifer as a source of groundwater is a function of the porosity of the geologic stratum, or layer, of which it is formed. Water is withdrawn from an aquifer by pumping it out of a well or infiltration ...
- Infineon Technologies AG
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") German firm Infineon Technologies AG pleaded guilty in the U.S. to having fixed prices of memory chips for three years and agreed to pay a $160 million fine. U.S. prosecutors said Infineon was one of several companies in a worldwide ...
- infinitary logic
- (from the article "metalogic") There are also studies, such as second-order logic and infinitary logics, that develop the model theory of nonelementary logic. Second-order logic contains, in addition to variables that range over individual objects, a second kind of variable ranging over sets of ...
- infinite being
- (from the article "Judaism") ...that divine attributes cannot be negative, but unlike his predecessor his explanation of the difference between the attributes of God and those of created beings centred on the contrast between an infinite being and finite beings. It is through infinitude ...
- infinite descent
- (from the article "number theory") Uncharacteristically, Fermat provided a proof of this last result. He used a technique called infinite descent that was ideal for demonstrating impossibility. The logical strategy assumes that there are whole numbers satisfying the condition in question and then generates smaller ...
- infinite dimensional topology
- (from the article "Hilbert space") ...to its topological properties were raised in the first half of the 20th century. Motivated initially by such properties of Hilbert spaces, researchers established a new subfield of topology called infinite dimensional topology in the 1960s and '70s.
- infinite game
- (from the article "game theory") ...said to be finite when each player has a finite number of options, the number of players is finite, and the game cannot go on indefinitely. Chess, checkers, poker, and most parlour games are finite. Infinite games are more subtle ...
- infinite series
- the sum of infinitely many numbers related in a given way and listed in a given order. Infinite series are useful in mathematics and in such disciplines as physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. [6 Related Articles]
- infinite set
- (from the article "axiom of choice") The axiom of choice is not needed for finite sets since the process of choosing elements must come to an end eventually. For infinite sets, however, it would take an infinite amount of time to choose elements one by one. ...
- infinitely repeated game
- (from the article "Aumann, Robert J.") Aumann employed a mathematical approach to show that long-term social interaction could be analyzed using formal noncooperative game theory. Through his methodologies and analyses of so-called infinitely repeated games, he identified the outcomes that could be sustained in long-term relations ...
- infinitesimal
- in mathematics, a quantity less than any finite quantity yet not zero. Even though no such quantity can exist in the real number system, many early attempts to justify calculus were based on sometimes dubious reasoning about infinitesimals: derivatives were ... [9 Related Articles]
- infinitive
- (from the article "Celtic languages") Another feature of Insular Celtic is its lack of the infinitive form of the verb found in most other Indo-European languages-e.g., English "to do," "to call." The equivalent is the verbal noun, which is a noun closely linked to the ...
- infinity
- the concept of something that is unlimited, endless, without bound. The common symbol for infinity, ∞, was invented by the English mathematician John Wallis in 1657. Three main types of infinity may be distinguished: the mathematical, the physical, and the ... [6 Related Articles]
- Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
- (from the article "Media and Publishing") ...much of his last year on what was being labeled "terrestrial" (as opposed to satellite-based) radio running down that medium, a situation that caused much tension with his employers at Infinity Broadcasting. He signed a five-year, $500 million contract with ...
- infirmary
- (from the article "abbey") An important building within the inner walls housed the novitiate and the infirmary. In the manner of an early isolation hospital, it had its own chapel, bathhouse, refectory, kitchen, and garden. The doctor's house, with its physic garden of essential ...
- infitah
- program of economic liberalization in Egypt initiated by Pres. Anwar el-Sadat in the early 1970s.
- infix
- (from the article "Austroasiatic languages") ...(word formation), Munda and Vietnamese again show the greatest deviations from the norm. Munda languages have an extremely complex system of prefixes, infixes (elements inserted within the body of a word), and suffixes. Verbs, for instance, are inflected for person, ...
- inflammation
- a response triggered by damage to living tissues. The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism that evolved in higher organisms to protect them from infection and injury. Its purpose is to localize and eliminate the injurious agent and to remove ... [27 Related Articles]
- inflammatory bowel disease
- (from the article "nutritional disease") Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn disease (regional ileitis) or ulcerative colitis, results in impaired absorption of many nutrients, depending upon which portion of the gastrointestinal tract is affected. Children with IBD may fail to grow properly. Treatment generally ...
- inflammatory carcinoma
- (from the article "breast cancer") Inflammatory carcinoma is a rare type of breast cancer that results in swelling and reddening of the affected area. The area then becomes purplish, and the skin is hot, with the nipple usually becoming crusted and retracted.
- inflation
- in economics, collective increases in the supply of money, in money incomes, or in prices. Inflation is generally thought of as an inordinate rise in the general level of prices. [130 Related Articles]
- inflation
- (from the article "respiration") ...of lungs is their elasticity. An elastic material is one that tends to return to its initial state after the removal of a deforming force. Elastic tissues behave like springs. As the lungs are inflated, there is an accompanying increase ...
- inflection
- in linguistics, the change in the form of a word (in English, usually the addition of endings) to mark such distinctions as tense, person, number, gender, mood, voice, and case. English inflection indicates noun plural (cat, cats), third person singular ... [22 Related Articles]
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