| | - IBM OS/2
- an operating system introduced in 1987 by IBM and the Microsoft Corporation to operate the second-generation line of IBM personal computers, the PS/2 (Personal System/2).
- IBM OS/360
- an operating system introduced by IBM in 1964 to operate its 360 family of mainframe computer systems. The 360 system was unprecedented in its ability to support a wide array of applications, and it was one of the first operating ...
- IBM PC
- (from the article "Compaq Computer Corporation") ...Instruments, Incorporated, for the purpose of building a portable computer (see the photograph) that could use all of the software and peripheral devices (monitors, printers, modems) created for the IBM Personal Computer (PC). In 1983, its first full year of ...
- Ibn 'Abbad
- in full Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abi Ishaq Ibrahim an-Nafzi al-Himyari ar-Rundi Islamic theologian who became the leading mystical thinker of North Africa in the 14th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi
- (from the article "Mu'allaqat, Al-") The precise poems included in the Mu'allaqat present another puzzle. The list usually accepted as standard was recorded by Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi and names poems by Imru' al-Qays, Tarafah, Zuhayr, Labid, 'Antarah, 'Amr ibn Kulthum, and al-Harith ibn Hilliza. Such ...
- Ibn 'Ammar
- (from the article "'Abbadid dynasty") ...made Sevilla a brilliant centre of Spanish-Muslim culture. In 1071 he took Cordoba, maintaining a precarious hold on the city until 1075; he held it again, 1078-91, while Ibn 'Ammar, his vizier and fellow poet, conquered Murcia.
- Ibn 'Aqil
- in full Abu Al-wafa' 'ali Ibn 'aqil Ibn Muhammad Ibn 'aqil Ibn Ahmad Al-baghdadi Az-zafari Islamic theologian and scholar of the Hanbali school, the most traditionalist of the schools of Islamic law. His thoughts and teachings represent an attempt to ...
- Ibn Abi 'Asrun
- in full Sharaf ad-Din Abu Sa'd 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Hibat Allah ibn Mutahhar at-Tamimi al-Mawsili ibn Abi 'Asrun, also called al-Halabi or ad-Dimashqi scholar who became a leading Shafi'i (one of the four schools of Islamic law) theologian ...
- Ibn Abi ad-Dunya
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...into the life of various strata of society during the 9th century have rightly attracted the special interest of Western scholars. Less impressive, but almost as multifaceted, are the treatises of Ibn Abi ad-Dunya (died 894).
- Ibn Abi al-Rijal, Ahmad
- Yemeni scholar and theologian, who is the best source of historical information on the little-known sect of Shi'i Muslims in Yemen called the Zaydis.
- Ibn al-'Arabi
- celebrated Muslim mystic-philosopher who gave the esoteric, mystical dimension of Islamic thought its first full-fledged philosophic expression. His major works are the monumental Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyyah ("The Meccan Revelations") and Fusus al-hikam (1229; "The Bezels ... [8 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-'Awwam
- agriculturist who wrote the Arabic treatise on agriculture, Kitab al-fila-hah, the outstanding medieval work on the subject. The Spanish translation, published in the early 1800s, consists of 35 chapters dealing with agronomy, cattle and poultry raising, and ...
- Ibn al-Abbar
- in full Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad Al-quda'i historian, theologian, and humorist who became one of the most famous students of Islamic Spain.
- Ibn al-Aftas
- (from the article "Aftasid dynasty") ...when it was ruled by his freed slave, Sabur (976-1022). In 1022, at Sabur's death, his minister 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Maslamah, who was known as Ibn al-Aftas, seized control of the kingdom and, assuming the title Al-Mansur Billah ...
- Ibn al-Ash'ath
- Umayyad general who became celebrated as leader of a revolt (AD 699-701) against the governor of Iraq, al-Hajjaj.
- Ibn al-Athir
- in full Abu Al-hasan 'ali 'izz Ad-din Ibn Al-athir influential Arab historian. [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-Bawwab
- Arabic calligrapher of the 'Abbasid Age (750-1258) who reputedly invented the cursive rayhani and muhaqqaq scripts. He refined several of the calligraphic styles invented a century earlier by Ibn Muqlah, including the naskhi and tawqi scripts, and collected and preserved ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-Farid
- Arab poet whose expression of Sufi mysticism is regarded as the finest in the Arabic language. [5 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-Haytham
- mathematician and astronomer who made significant contributions to the principles of optics and the use of scientific experiments. [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-Jawzi
- in full 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn 'Ali ibn Muhammad Abu al-Farash Ibn al-Jawzi jurist, theologian, historian, preacher, and teacher who became an important figure in the Baghdad establishment and a leading spokesman of traditionalist Islam. [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-Kalbi
- (from the article "Arabian religion") ...more specific data on the ancient folklore and religion appear, for instance, in "The Book of the Idols" (Kitab al-Asnam), by the Iraqi genealogist Ibn al-Kalbi (8th-9th century AD), and in "The Crown" (Al-Iklil), by the Yemeni encyclopaedist and geographer ...
- Ibn al-Khatib
- (from the article "Ibn Khaldun") ...new ruler, he again fell into disfavour, decided to leave Morocco, and crossed over to Granada, for whose Muslim ruler he had done some service in Fez and whose prime minister, the brilliant writer Ibn al-Khatib, was a good friend. ...
- Ibn al-Mu'tazz
- (from the article "Arabic literature") The caliph, poet, and critic Ibn al-Mu'tazz clearly reflects his personal interests and experience in his own contributions to the hunt poem:The trainer brought out a lithe saluki-hound that he had often used&elipsis;,She snatches her prey without hesitation,Just as ...
- Ibn al-Mudabbir
- (from the article "Egypt") ...officer), who was sometimes appointed by the caliph, sometimes by the governor. When Ahmad entered Egypt in 868 he found the office of 'amil filled by one Ibn al-Mudabbir, who over a period of years had gained control of Egyptian ...
- Ibn al-Muqaffa'
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...and worked in the various offices of the court translated works into Arabic. A major early contributor to this process was an 8th-century Persian scholar, Ruzbih, who adopted the Arabic name Ibn al-Muqaffa'. He translated from the Persian a collection ...
- Ibn al-Raqa
- (from the article "Jahwarid dynasty") ...(reigned 1043-58) managed through political chicanery to keep the 'Abbadids of Sevilla (Seville) out of Cordoba but eventually resigned his authority to his own vizier, Ibn al-Raqa. When 'Abd al-Malik, al-Rashid's jealous son, assassinated the vizier in 1058, his father ...
- Ibn al-Rumi
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...of all eras are filled with elegies of rulers and important figures. A particular topic of communal mourning is the fall of an entire city to enemy forces. The renowned elegy of the 9th-century poet Ibn al-Rumi on the fall ...
- Ibn an-Nadim
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...the art of papermaking from the Chinese. Henceforth, cheap writing material was available, and literary output was prodigious. The Fihrist ("Index"), compiled by the bookseller Ibn an-Nadim in 988, gave a full account of the Arabic literature extant in the ...
- Ibn an-Nafis
- Arab physician who first described the pulmonary circulation of the blood. In finding that the wall between the right and left ventricles of the heart is solid and without pores, he disputed Galen's view that the blood passes directly from ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn ash-Shatir
- (from the article "mathematics") ...projections of the sphere, and al-Biruni invented such a projection that could be used to produce a map of a hemisphere. The culminating masterpiece was the astrolabe of the Syrian Ibn al-Shatir (1305-75), a mathematical tool that could be used ...
- Ibn Babawayh
- Islamic theologian, author of one of the "Four Books" that are the basic authorities for the doctrine of Twelver (Ithna 'Ashari) Shi'ah.
- Ibn Battutah
- in full Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad Ibn 'abd Allah Al-lawati At-tanji Ibn Battutah the greatest medieval Arab traveller and the author of one of the most famous travel books, the Rihlah (Travels), which describes his extensive travels covering some 75,000 ... [6 Related Articles]
- Ibn Da'ud
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...'udhri ("'Udhrah love")-the lover would rather die than achieve union with his beloved-was expounded by the Zahiri theologian Ibn Da'ud (died 910) in his poetic anthology Kitab az-zahrah ("Book of the Flower"). This theme was central to the ghazal poetry ...
- ibn Daud, Abraham ben David Halevi
- also called Rabad I physician and historian who was the first Jewish philosopher to draw on Aristotle's writings in a systematic fashion. He is probably more esteemed today for his history Sefer ha-kabbala ("Book of Tradition") than for his major ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ibn Durayd
- in full Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Al-hasan Al-azdi Ibn Durayd Arab philologist who wrote a large Arabic dictionary, Jamharat al-lughah ("Collection of Language").
- ibn Ezra, Abraham ben Meir
- poet, grammarian, traveller, Neoplatonic philosopher, and astronomer, best known as a biblical exegete whose commentaries contributed to the Golden Age of Spanish Judaism. [4 Related Articles]
- ibn Ezra, Moses
- Hebrew poet and critic, one of the finest poets of the golden age of Spanish Jewry (900-1200). He was one of the first Jewish poets to write secular verse; his surname, "ha-Sallah" (Hebrew: Writer of Penitential Poems), however, was bestowed ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ibn Falaquera
- Spanish-born Jewish philosopher and translator who propagated a reconciliation between Jewish Orthodoxy and philosophy and defended Maimonides' Guide of the Perplexed against the attacks of the traditionalists.
- Ibn Faraj
- (from the article "Spain") ...al-Ramadi, Sa'id of Baghdad, al-Taliq, and numerous others-this occasional poetry sometimes attained literary heights. In the 10th century Ibn Faraj of Jaen deemed himself to possess sufficient background to compose the Kitab al-Hada'iq ("Book of Orchards")-the first...
- Ibn Gabirol
- one of the outstanding figures of the Hebrew school of religious and secular poetry during the Jewish Golden Age in Moorish Spain. He was also an important Neoplatonic philosopher. [8 Related Articles]
- Ibn Haukal
- (from the article "map") ...Europe's Dark Ages Islamic and Chinese cartography made progress. The Arabs translated Ptolemy's treatises and carried on his tradition. Two Islamic scholars deserve special note. Ibn Haukal wrote a Book of Ways and Provinces illustrated with maps, and al-Idrisi constructed ...
- Ibn Hayyan
- (from the article "Spain") ...of Spain") by Ibn al-Qutiyyah, date back to the 10th century. In the ta'ifa era the preeminent Spanish historian is Ibn Hayyan of Cordoba (died 1076), whose mostly preserved Muqtabis is an anthology of historical texts collected ...
- Ibn Hazm
- Muslim litterateur, historian, jurist, and theologian of Islamic Spain, famed for his literary productivity, breadth of learning, and mastery of the Arabic language. One of the leading exponents of the Zahiri (Literalist) school of jurisprudence, he produced some 400 works, ... [5 Related Articles]
- Ibn Hisham
- (from the article "Ibn Ishaq") in full Muhammad Ibn Ishaq Ibn Yasar Ibn Khiyar Arab biographer of the Prophet Muhammad whose book, in a recension by Ibn Hisham, is one of the most important sources on the Prophet's life.
- Ibn Hithlayn
- (from the article "Ikhwan") A congress convened by Ibn Sa'ud in October 1928 deposed Ibn Humayd, ad-Dawish, and Ibn Hithlayn, the leaders of the revolt. A massacre of Najd merchants by Ibn Humayd in 1929, however, forced Ibn Sa'ud to confront the rebellious Ikhwan ...
- Ibn Humayd
- (from the article "Ikhwan") A congress convened by Ibn Sa'ud in October 1928 deposed Ibn Humayd, ad-Dawish, and Ibn Hithlayn, the leaders of the revolt. A massacre of Najd merchants by Ibn Humayd in 1929, however, forced Ibn Sa'ud to confront the rebellious Ikhwan ...
- Ibn Ishaq
- in full Muhammad Ibn Ishaq Ibn Yasar Ibn Khiyar Arab biographer of the Prophet Muhammad whose book, in a recension by Ibn Hisham, is one of the most important sources on the Prophet's life. [2 Related Articles]
- Ibn Jahhaf
- (from the article "Cid, the") ...Valencia and its ruler, al-Qadir, now his tributary. His moment of destiny came in October 1092 when the qadi (chief magistrate), Ibn Jahhaf, with Almoravid political support rebelled and killed al-Qadir. The Cid responded by closely besieging ...
- Ibn Jami'
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...of embellishments, and Arabian classicism, characterized by simplicity and artistic severity. The Mawsilis represented the older classical tradition; the proponents of modernism were Ibn Jami' and the celebrated singer Prince Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi.
- Ibn Janah
- perhaps the most important medieval Hebrew grammarian and lexicographer. Known as the founder of the study of Hebrew syntax, he established the rules of biblical exegesis and clarified many difficult passages. [2 Related Articles]
- Ibn Jubayr
- in full Abu Al-husayn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Jubayr Spanish Muslim known for a book recounting his pilgrimage to Mecca. [3 Related Articles]
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