Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

0-9

indigenization ... indlu

indigenization: (from the article "Ukraine") In parallel with the NEP, the Bolsheviks took steps to appease, and at the same time to penetrate, the non-Russian nationalities. In 1923 a policy of "indigenization" was announced, including the promotion of native languages in education and publishing, at ...
indigenous religion: (from the article "Religious Adherents in the United States of America, AD 1900-2000") In like manner, artistic expression in archaic or "primitive" societies, often related to ritual presentation, is modelled on the structure of the cosmogonic myth. The masks, dances, and gestures are, in one way or another, aspects of the structure of ...
indigestion: any or all of the symptoms-abdominal discomfort, belching, flatulence, aversion to eating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, heartburn-associated with the malfunctioning of the digestive system. Indigestion may be caused by disease, but it primarily occurs because of stress, improper eating habits, ... [3 Related Articles]
Indigetes: (from the article "Roman religion") ...As a member of the family or clan, however, the dead man or woman would, more specifically, be one of the Di Parentes; reverence for ancestors was the core of Roman religious and social life. Di Indigetes was a name ...
Indigirka River: river, Sakha republic (Yakutia), far eastern Russia. It is one of the major rivers of northeastern Siberia. The Indigirka rises in the Verkhoyansk Mountains and flows 1,072 miles (1,726 km) north through the Chersky Range into the broad Indigirka lowland, ... [1 Related Articles]
indigo: in botany, any shrub or herb of the genus Indigofera within the pea family (Fabaceae). Most species occur in warm climates and are generally silky or hairy. The leaves are usually divided into smaller leaflets. The small rose, purple, or ...
indigo: an important and valuable vat dyestuff, obtained until about 1900 entirely from plants of the genera Indigofera and Isatis. Indigo was known to the ancients of Asia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Britain, and Peru. It is used in the United States ... [8 Related Articles]
indigo snake: (Drymarchon corais), docile, nonvenomous member of the family Colubridae found from the southeastern United States to Brazil. It is the largest snake in the United States-record length is 2.6 metres (8.5 feet)-and one of the largest of all colubrids. In ...
Indio: city, Riverside county, southern California, U.S. Located in the Coachella Valley, Indio lies between Palm Springs (northwest) and the Salton Sea (southeast). The area was originally inhabited by Cahuilla Indians and was the site of Spanish and Mexican exploration in ...
Indio River: (from the article "Nicaragua") ...northern corner of Costa Rica. Other rivers of the Caribbean watershed include the 158-mile- (254-km-) long Prinzapolka River, the 55-mile- (89-km-) long Escondido River, the 60-mile- (97-km-) long Indio River, and the 37-mile- (60-km-) long Maiz River.
indio viejo: (from the article "Nicaragua") ...Nicaraguan gastronomy and is used in many foods, such as nacatamal (cornmeal dough stuffed with meat and cooked in plantain leaves), indio viejo (corn tortilla with meat, onions, garlic, sweet pepper, and tomato and ...
indirect action process: (from the article "radiation") ...ejected. The ejected electron may give rise to a highly reactive free radical, which in turn may diffuse far enough to attack a biologically important target molecule in its vicinity. This so-called indirect action process, through which radiation causes damage ...
indirect development: (from the article "echinoderm") During indirect development, the fertilized egg divides many times to produce a hollow ciliated ball of cells (blastula); cleavage is total, indeterminate, and radical. The blastula invaginates at one end to form a primitive gut, and the cells continue to ...
indirect drive: (from the article "fusion reactor") ...The driver should also deposit its energy on the pellet uniformly, with a variation of less than 1 percent. There are two methods to achieve this uniformity. In the first method, known as indirect drive, the pellet is located inside ...
indirect initiative: (from the article "referendum and initiative") ...may be direct (a proposal supported by the required number of voters is submitted directly to a popular vote for decision) or indirect (the proposal is submitted to the legislature). If an indirect initiative is rejected, the proposition is submitted ...
indirect language: (from the article "Bataille, Henry") ...toward the theatre of ideas and, later, toward social drama, as in La Chair humaine (1922; "Human Flesh"), his later works were less successful. His theory of "indirect language," capable of betraying or concealing a character's subconscious desires, although largely ...
indirect liquefaction: (from the article "coal utilization") Hydrogenation of coal can be done directly, either from gaseous hydrogen or by a liquid hydrogen-donor solvent, or it can be done indirectly, through an intermediate series of compounds. In direct liquefaction, the macromolecular structure of the coal is broken ...
indirect loss: (from the article "insurance") An entirely different branch of the insurance business has been developed to insure losses that are indirectly the result of one of the specified perils. A prominent example of this type of insurance is business income insurance. The insurer undertakes ...
indirect mood: (from the article "logic, history of") Theophrastus is reported to have added to the first figure of the syllogism the five moods that others later classified under a fourth figure. These moods were then called indirect moods of the first figure. In order to accommodate them, ...
indirect primary: (from the article "primary election") ...Primaries may be direct or indirect. A direct primary, which is now used in some form in all U.S. states, functions as a preliminary election whereby voters decide their party's candidates. In an indirect primary, voters elect delegates who choose ...
indirect proof: (from the article "reductio ad absurdum") ...in logic, a form of refutation showing contradictory or absurd consequences following upon premises as a matter of logical necessity. A form of the reductio ad absurdum argument, known as indirect proof or reductio ad impossibile, is one that proves ...
indirect rule: (from the article "western Africa, history of") ...as the lowest elements in a single administrative machine. This administration was to be conducted on entirely French lines. The British, on the other hand, came to believe more and more in "indirect rule." British authority was not to reach ...
indirect smelting: (from the article "lead processing") Before lead concentrate can be charged into traditional blast furnaces for smelting, it must be roasted to remove most of the sulfur and to agglomerate further the fine flotation products so that they will not be blown out of the ...
indirect system: (from the article "textile") Indirect measuring systems are those employing higher number to describe finer yarns, and are based on length per unit weight. Most countries measure yarns made from staple fibres according to the weight of a length of yarn. If one pound ...
indirect tax: (from the article "disposable income") By convention, indirect taxes, such as value-added and other sales taxes, payroll taxes, and employers' contributions to social insurance, are not deducted from the computation of disposable income. Although these clearly reduce private spending power generally, it is difficult to ...
indirect-acting genotoxic carcinogen: (from the article "poison") Direct-acting (reactive) genotoxic chemicals can themselves interact with DNA. Indirect-acting genotoxic carcinogens do not bind to DNA until they have been biotransformed in the body to reactive chemicals. Among the indirect-acting carcinogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, and nitrosonornicotine are found ...
indispensability argument: (from the article "mathematics, philosophy of") ...claim. Platonists have offered a few different arguments as refutations of fictionalism, but only one of them, known as the indispensability argument, has gained any real currency. According to the indispensability argument, well-established mathematical theorems must be true because they ...
indium: chemical element, rare metal of main Group 13 (IIIa, or boron group) of the periodic table. Of a brilliant, silvery-white lustre, indium was discovered (1863) by Ferdinand Reich and Theodor Richter while they were examining zinc ore samples. The presence ... [3 Related Articles]
indium gallium arsenide: (from the article "nanotechnology") ...of semiconductor, magnetic, and other materials. An example of self-assembly that achieves a limited degree of control over both formation and organization is the growth of quantum dots. Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) dots can be formed by growing thin layers ...
indium gallium arsenide phosphide: (from the article "materials science") ...is one major characteristic of III-V materials with which silicon cannot compete: a III-V compound can be tailored to generate or detect photons of a specific wavelength. For example, an indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP) laser can generate radiation at ...
indium tin oxide: (from the article "conductive ceramics") Ceramics based upon mixtures of indium oxide (In₂O₃) and tin oxide (SnO₂)-referred to in the electronics industry as indium tin oxide (ITO)-are outstanding electronic conductors, and they have the added virtue of being optically transparent. Conductivity and transparency arise from ...
individual: (from the article "logic, philosophy of") ...call it x, it is true that") and "($x)" ("For each individual, call it x, it is true that"). The dummy letter x is here called a bound (individual) variable. Its values are supposed to be members of some fixed ...
individual constant: (from the article "formal logic") a. One or more individual constants (say a, b, . . .): these constants are interpreted as names of specific individuals; formally they are distinguished from individual variables by the fact that they cannot occur within quantifiers: e.g., (∀x) is ...
individual deterrence: (from the article "punishment") Individual deterrence is directed at the person being punished: it aims to teach him not to repeat the behaviour. It is also the rationale of much informal punishment, such as parental punishment of children. Theoretically, the effectiveness of individual deterrence ...
individual difference: (from the article "learning theory") ...fault in much learning theory stems from earlier tendencies to use the laws of physics as a model. Theorists once sought general laws of wide applicability that tended to obscure differences among individuals. For example, so complete was Hull's faith ...
individual dynamic psychotherapy: (from the article "mental disorder") Although the influence of psychoanalysis, particularly on American psychiatry, was profound, it began to wane in the 1970s. Since then, those seeking treatment have tended to choose short-term individual dynamic therapy over psychoanalysis. This form of therapy is usually more ...
Individual Lament: (from the article "biblical literature") In the Individual Lament an individual worshipper cries out to Yahweh in time of need. The structure of these psalms includes: an invocation of Yahweh, the complaint, the request for help, an expression of certainty that Yahweh will hear and ...
individual method: (from the article "insurance") Two basic rate-making systems are in use: the manual, or class-rating, method and the individual, or merit-rating, method. Sometimes a combination of the two methods is used.
individual psychology: body of theories of the Austrian psychiatrist Alfred Adler, who held that the main motives of human thought and behaviour are individual man's striving for superiority and power, partly in compensation for his feeling of inferiority. Every individual, in this ... [1 Related Articles]
Individual Section machine: (from the article "industrial glass") Narrow-mouth containers such as bottles are usually formed by the Individual Section (IS) machine. In this machine a stream of molten glass is pushed out of an orifice at the end of the forehearth by a rotating bowl and is ...
Individual Song of Thanksgiving: (from the article "biblical literature") The final major type is the Individual Song of Thanksgiving, which presumably had its setting in the thanksgiving sacrifice offered after a saving experience. These psalms begin and conclude with an exclamation of praise to Yahweh. The body of the ...
individual variable: (from the article "logic, philosophy of") ...the so-called quantifiers "("x)" (which may be read: "For at least one individual, call it x, it is true that") and "($x)" ("For each individual, call it x, it is true that"). The dummy letter x is here called a ...
individual, the: (from the article "automation") Nearly all industrial installations of automation, and in particular robotics, involve a replacement of human labour by an automated system. Therefore, one of the direct effects of automation in factory operations is the dislocation of human labour from the workplace. ...
individualism: political and social philosophy that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Although the concept of an individual may seem straightforward, there are many ways of understanding it, both in theory and in practice. The term individualism itself, and its ... [18 Related Articles]
individualist school: (from the article "ballad") ...although none of the extant ballads had been communally composed, the prototypical ballads that determined the style of the ballads had originated in this communal fashion. Their opponents were the individualists, who included the British men of letters W.J. Courthope ...
Individualists: (from the article "arts, East Asian") Receiving no patronage from the Manchu court and leaving only a minor following before the latter half of the 19th century was a different group of artists, now frequently referred to as "Individualists." Collectively, these artists represent a triumphant, if ...
individually quick-frozen method: (from the article "vegetable processing") ...some frozen vegetables, such as green peas and sweet corn, may be superior in flavour to fresh produce. The high quality of frozen foods is mainly due to the development of a technology known as the individually quick-frozen (IQF) method. ...
individuation: (from the article "logic, philosophy of") Not all interesting interpretational problems are solved by possible-world semantics, as the developments earlier registered are sometimes called. The systematic use of the idea of possible worlds has raised, however, the subject of cross identification; i.e., of the principles according ...
individuation: (from the article "Jung, Carl") ...had lost their religious belief; Jung found that if they could discover their own myth as expressed in dream and imagination they would become more complete personalities. He called this process individuation.
indivisibles, method of: (from the article "Cavalieri, Bonaventura") By 1629, when he was appointed professor of mathematics of the University of Bologna, Cavalieri had completely developed his method of indivisibles, a means of determining the size of geometric figures similar to the methods of integral calculus. He delayed ...
indlu: (from the article "African architecture") ...of poles inserted into the ground and brought together in a crest, either as a continuous curve (early Xhosa) or to a point (Sotho). These structures are expertly thatched, the Zulu domes, or indlu, having finely detailed entrances. Some Nguni ...