Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Italy ... Ives, Charles

Italy: country of south-central Europe, occupying a peninsula that juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea. It has a shape that has been likened frequently to a high-heeled boot about to prod its triangular subject island of Sicily. Another important island, Sardinia, ...
Italy: in Roman antiquity, the Italian Peninsula from the Apennines in the north to the "boot" in the south. In 42 BC Cisalpine Gaul, north of the Apennines, was added; and in the late 3rd century AD Italy came to include ...
Itami: city, Hyogo ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies along the Fukuchiyama railway line, 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Osaka. Itami was a castle town from the 13th to the 16th century and became a major sake-brewing centre in the ...
Itapetininga: city, in the highlands of east-central Sao Paulo estado ("state"), Brazil. It lies at 2,200 feet (670 m) above sea level, near the Itapetininga River. Formerly called Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres de Itapetininga, it was given town status in 1770 ...
Itapicuru River: river, Maranhao estado ("state"), northeastern Brazil. The river rises in several headstreams in the Itapicuru mountain range. It arches northeastward to Caxias and thence northwestward, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean through Sao Jose Bay, southeast of Sao Luis Island. The ...
ITAR-TASS: (Russian: "Information Telegraph Agency of Russia-Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union"), Russian news agency formed in 1992 after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. ITAR reports on domestic news, while TASS reports on world events, including news from ...
Itard, Jean-Marc-Gaspard: French physician noted for his work with deaf-mutes, especially the "wild boy of Aveyron."
Itarsi: city, central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. A major rail junction connected with Bhopal, Gwalior, and Indore, Itarsi has extensive railway workshops. The city is also a trade centre for forest products from the Satpura Range to the south. A ...
Itasca, Lake: lake regarded as the main source of the Mississippi River, in Clearwater county, northwestern Minnesota, U.S. The lake, of glacial origin, covers an area of 1.7 square miles (4.4 square km) and has a maximum depth of 40 feet (12 ...
Itata and Baltimore incidents: (1891), two serious occurrences involving the United States and Chile, the first taking place during and the second shortly after the Chilean civil war of 1891.
Itaya Hazan: Japanese potter known for his depiction of noble figures and his skill as a colourist.
Itbay: mountainous region of southeastern Egypt and the northeastern part of The Sudan, paralleling the Red Sea. It lies largely south of Egypt's administrative boundary with The Sudan and separates the coastal lowland of the Red Sea from the Nile River ...
itching: a stimulation of free nerve endings, usually at the junction of the dermis and epidermis of the skin, that evokes a desire to scratch. It has been suggested that an itch is a subthreshold sensation of pain; however, although both ...
Itelmen: people of the southern Kamchatka Peninsula, far eastern Russia, numbering about 2,500 in the late 20th century. Much reduced by conquest and epidemics, they have been largely Russianized since the 18th century. In Russian usage the surviving remnant is designated ...
Ithaca: the second smallest of the seven main Ionian Islands, in the nomos (department) of Kefallinia, Greece. (The smallest is Paxos.)
Ithaca: city, seat (1817) of Tompkins county, south-central New York, U.S. It lies at the southern end of Cayuga Lake (one of the Finger Lakes), 55 miles (89 km) southwest of Syracuse. Within the city are picturesque gorges cut by several ...
Ithaca College: private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Ithaca, New York, U.S. It comprises the Roy H. Park School of Communications and schools of business, health sciences and human performance, humanities and sciences, and music. In addition to undergraduate studies, the ...
Ithna 'Ashariyah: an important sect of the Shi'ah (one of the major branches of Islam), believing in a succession of 12 imams, leaders of the faith after the death of Muhammad, beginning with 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, fourth caliph and the Prophet's ...
itinerarium: road manual or route map of the ancient Roman Empire. They were constructed according to basic concepts formulated by Greek cartographers such as Agrippa and Ptolemy, and they were frequently used by private and official travellers.
Ito Hirobumi: Japanese elder statesman (genro) and premier (1885-88, 1892-96, 1898, 1900-01), who played a crucial role in building modern Japan. He helped draft the Meiji constitution (1889) and brought about the establishment of a bicameral national Diet (1890). He was created ...
Ito Jakuchu: Japanese painter of the mid-Tokugawa period (1603-1867) who excelled in drawing flowers, fish, and birds, especially fowl, which he used to keep at his home in order to observe them closely.
Ito Jinsai: Japanese sinologist, philosopher, and educator of the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603-1867), who founded the Kogigaku ("Study of Ancient Meaning") school of thought , which subsequently became part of the larger Kogaku ("Ancient Learning") school. Like his fellow Kogaku scholars, Yamaga ...
Itsekiri: ethnic group inhabiting the westernmost part of the Niger River delta of extreme southern Nigeria. The Itsekiri make up an appreciable proportion of the modern towns of Sapele, Warri, Burutu, and Forcados. They speak a Yoruboid language of the Benue-Congo ...
Itsuku Island: offshore island, Hiroshima ken (prefecture), Japan, in the Inland Sea. The small island, one of Japan's most scenic locations, is 19 miles (31 km) in circumference and occupies an area of 12 square miles (31 square km). ...
ITT Corporation: , former American telecommunications company that grew into a successful conglomerate corporation before its breakup in 1995.
Ituiutaba: city, western Minas Gerais estado ("state"), Brazil. It lies at 1,981 feet (604 m) above sea level, in the highlands between the Tijuco and da Prata rivers. It was made the seat of a municipality in 1901. Ituiutaba is the ...
Iturbide, Agustin de: Mexican caudillo (military chieftain) who became the leader of the conservative factions in the Mexican independence movement and, as Agustin I, briefly emperor of Mexico.
Ituri Forest: dense tropical rainforest lying on the northeastern lip of the Congo River basin in the Central African nation of Congo (Kinshasa). Situated between 0° and 3° N latitude and 27° and 30° E longitude, the precise geographic limits of the ...
Itzamna: (Mayan: "Iguana House"), principal pre-Columbian Mayan deity. The ruler of heaven, day, and night, he frequently appeared as four gods called Itzamnas, who encased the world. Like some of the other Mesoamerican deities, the Itzamnas were associated with the points ...
IUD: plastic or metal object that is implanted in the uterus to prevent conception. See contraception.
Ivan Asen I: tsar of the Second Bulgarian empire from 1186 to 1196, during one of the most brilliant periods of the restored Bulgarian nation. He and his brother Peter II were founders of the Asen dynasty, which survived until the latter half ...
Ivan Asen II: tsar of the Second Bulgarian empire from 1218 to 1241, son of Ivan Asen I.
Ivan I: grand prince of Moscow (1328-40) and grand prince of Vladimir (1331-40) whose policies increased Moscow's power and made it the richest principality in northeastern Russia.
Ivan II: grand prince of Moscow and Vladimir.
Ivan III: grand prince of Moscow (1462-1505), who subdued most of the Great Russian lands by conquest or by the voluntary allegiance of princes, rewon parts of Ukraine from Poland-Lithuania, and repudiated the old subservience to the Mongol-derived Tatars. He also laid ...
Ivan IV: grand prince of Moscow (1533-84) and the first to be proclaimed tsar of Russia (from 1547). His reign saw the completion of the construction of a centrally administered Russian state and the creation of an empire that included non-Slav states. ...
Ivan V: in full Ivan Alekseyevich nominal tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1696.
Ivan VI: infant emperor of Russia in 1740-41.
Ivano-Frankivsk: city and administrative centre of Ivano-Frankivsk oblast (province), western Ukraine. It lies along the Bystritsa River just above its confluence with the Dniester River. Founded in 1661 as the Polish town of Stanislawow, it occupied an important position on ...
Ivano-Frankivsk: oblast (province), western Ukraine. It was formed in 1939 from territory annexed from Poland. The oblast lies on the northern flank of the Carpathian Mountains and extends from the crest line northward to the Dniester River to include a small ...
Ivanov, Ilya Ivanovich: Soviet biologist who developed a method for artificially inseminating domestic animals.
Ivanov, Lev: Russian ballet dancer who was choreographic assistant to Marius Petipa, the director and chief choreographer of the Imperial Russian Ballet.
Ivanov, Vsevolod Vyacheslavovich: Soviet prose writer noted for his vivid naturalistic realism, one of the most original writers of the 1920s.
Ivanov, Vyacheslav: Soviet rower who became the first three-time Olympic gold medalist in the prestigious single scull event.
Ivanov, Vyacheslav Ivanovich: philosopher, classical scholar, and leading poet of the Russian Symbolist movement.
Ivanovo: city and administrative centre of Ivanovo oblast (province), western Russia, on both banks of the Uvod River. It was created from two villages, Ivanovo and Voznesensk, in 1871; until 1932 it was known as Ivanovo-Voznesensk. The first linen mills in ...
Ivanovo: oblast (province), western Russia, occupying an area of 9,225 sq mi (23,900 sq km), northeast of Moscow astride the middle Volga River and centred on Ivanovo city. The surface is a rolling morainic plain, with forests of spruce, pine, and ...
Ivanovsky, Dmitry Iosifovich: Russian microbiologist who, from his study of mosaic disease in tobacco, first detailed many of the characteristics of the organisms that came to be known as viruses. Although he is generally credited as the discoverer of viruses, they were also ...
Ivens, Joris: Dutch motion-picture director who filmed more than 50 international documentaries that explored leftist social and political concerns.
Iverson, Allen: American basketball player known for both explosive play on the court and controversy away from the game. He became the first great athlete to be strongly identified with the hip-hop movement.
Ives, Charles: significant American composer who is known for a number of innovations that anticipated most of the later musical developments of the 20th century.