viceroy of Egypt under Ottoman suzerainty, 1863-79, whose administrative policies, notably the accumulation of an enormous foreign debt, were instrumental in leading to British occupation of Egypt in 1882.
Egyptian field marshal who was Egypt's defense minister and commander in chief when he planned the attack across the Suez Canal that surprised Israel on October 6, 1973, and began the Yom Kippur War (see Arab-Israeli wars).
a sect of the Shi'ites (one of the major branches of Islam) that was most active as a religio-political movement in the 9th-13th century through its subsects, the Fatimids, the Qaramitah (Qarmatians), and the Assassins.
muhafazah (governorate), northeastern Nile delta, Lower Egypt. It is a square-shaped territory with a long, narrow extension northward along the Suez Canal, ending just south of Port Said. Its eastern boundary is the Suez Canal, including Lake Murrah al-Kubra, a ...
capital of Al-Isma'iliyah muhafazah (governorate), northeastern Egypt. The city is about at the midpoint of the Suez Canal, on the northwestern shore of Lake At-Timsah. The lake, in a natural depression, was connected to the Gulf of Suez of the ...
British soldier who became Prime Minister Winston Churchill's closest military adviser during World War II and participated in most major policy decisions of the Allied powers.
(from Arabic sanad, "support"), in Islam, a list of authorities who have transmitted a report (hadith) of a statement, action, or approbation of Muhammad, one of his Companions (Sahabah), or of a later authority (tabi'); its reliability determines the validity ...
line on a weather map of constant barometric pressure drawn on a given reference surface. The isobaric pattern on a constant-height surface is extremely useful in weather forecasting because of the close association between pressure and weather. Regions of low ...
in nuclear physics, any member of a group of atomic or nuclear species all of which have the same mass number-that is, the same total number of protons and neutrons. Thus, chlorine-37 and argon-37 are isobars. Chlorine-37 has 17 protons ...
ancient Athenian orator, rhetorician, and teacher whose writings are an important historical source on the intellectual and political life of the Athens of his day. The school he founded differed markedly in its aims from the Academy of Plato and ...
any of a class of organic compounds having the molecular structure R&singlehorzbond;N+ ≡ C, in which R is a combining group derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from an organic compound. The isocyanides are isomers of the nitriles; they ...
people of the northwestern part of the Niger Delta in Nigeria, speaking a language of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family. The term Sobo is used by ethnographers as a cover term for both the Isoko and their neighbours ...
a language in which each word form consists typically of a single morpheme. Examples are Classical Chinese (to a far greater extent than the modern Chinese languages) and Vietnamese. An isolating language tends also to be an analytic language (q.v.), ...
in medicine, separation of an infected individual (human or animal) from the healthy until that individual is no longer able to transmit the disease. In its strictest sense, the practice of isolation differs from that of quarantine, which is the ...
an amino acid present in most common proteins, sometimes comprising 2 to 10 percent by weight. First isolated in 1904 from fibrin, a protein involved in blood-clot formation, isoleucine is one of several so-called essential amino acids for chicks, rats, ...
in nuclear physics, any of two or more nuclides (species of atomic nuclei) that consist of the same number of protons and the same number of neutrons but differ in energy and manner of radioactive decay, and that exist for ...
in meteorology, line on a map connecting points having the same monthly or seasonal precipitation, expressed as a percentage or fraction of the annual total; it is similar to an isohyet, a line that connects points of the same total ...
any one of a class of enzymes that catalyze reactions involving a structural rearrangement of a molecule. Alanine racemase, for example, catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine into its isomeric (mirror-image) form, D-alanine. An isomerase called mutarotase catalyzes the ...
the existence of sets of two or more substances that have identical molecular formulas but different molecular structures or configurations, and hence different properties. The substances that make up these sets differ only in the arrangement of their component atoms ...
the chemical process by which a compound is transformed into any of its isomeric forms, i.e., forms with the same chemical composition but with different structure or configuration and, hence, generally with different physical and chemical properties. An example is ...
method of graphic representation of three-dimensional objects, used by engineers, technical illustrators, and, occasionally, architects. The technique is intended to combine the illusion of depth, as in a perspective rendering, with the undistorted presentation of the object's principal dimensions, that ...
one of the crystal systems to which a given crystalline solid can be assigned. Crystals in this system are referred to three mutually perpendicular axes of equal lengths. If the atoms or atom groups in the solid are represented by ...
drug used in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis. Isoniazid commonly is used in combination with other drugs, such as rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, or streptomycin; these drugs are used with isoniazid in order to prevent, or at least delay, the ...
in mathematics, the determination of the shape of the closed plane curve having a given length and enclosing the maximum area (the curve is a circle). The calculus of variations evolved from attempts to solve this problem and the brachistochrone ...
any member of the order Isopoda (class Crustacea), a group of diverse, widely occurring forms including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species. Most are free-living, but a number of marine species are parasitic on other animals. They are usually inconspicuous. Most ...
any of a class of organic compounds composed of two or more units consisting of five carbon atoms in a specific pattern. Isoprenoids play widely varying roles in the physiological processes of plants and animals. They also have a number ...
in music, the organizing principle of much of 14th-century French polyphony, characterized by the extension of the rhythmic texture (talea) of an initial section to the entire composition, despite the variation of corresponding melodic features (color); the term was coined ...
property that is characteristic of families of related subatomic particles differing principally in the values of their electric charge. The families of similar particles are known as isospin multiplets: two-particle families are called doublets, three-particle families are called triplets, and ...
genus of parasitic protozoans of the sporozoan subclass Coccidia. Isospora causes the disease known as coccidiosis (q.v.) in humans, dogs, and cats. The species that attack humans, I. hominis and I. belli, inhabit the digestive tract and are endemic in ...
theoretical balance of all large portions of the Earth's crust as though they were floating on a denser underlying layer, about 110 km (70 miles) below the surface. Imaginary columns of equal cross-sectional area that rise from this layer to ...
genus of trilobites (extinct arthropods) restricted to Europe and North America during the Ordovician Period (505 to 438 million years ago). Isotelus was relatively large for a trilobite and was characterized by its distinctive flat shape. The head and the ...
line drawn on a map or chart joining points with the same temperature. Sometimes the prefix choro- ("space") or chrono- ("time") is added. Isotherms are commonly used in meteorology to show the distribution of temperature at the Earth's surface or ...
any of two or more species of atoms or nuclei that have the same number of neutrons. Thus, chlorine-37 and potassium-39 are isotones, because the nucleus of this species of chlorine consists of 17 protons and 20 neutrons, whereas the ...
one of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic number and position in the periodic table and nearly identical chemical behaviour but with different atomic masses and physical properties. Every chemical element has ...
radiochemical method of analysis for measuring the mass and quantity of an element in a substance. The procedure involves adding to a substance a known quantity of a radioisotope of the element to be measured and mixing it with the ...
enrichment of one isotope relative to another in a chemical or physical process. Two isotopes of an element are different in weight but not in gross chemical properties, which are determined by the number of electrons. It can be predicted ...
any radioactive atom detectable in a material in a chemical, biological, or physical system and used to mark that material for study, to observe its progress through the system, or to determine its distribution. An isotopic tracer must behave as ...
city, western Turkey. Known as Baris under the Byzantine Empire, it was taken by the Seljuq Turks in 1203-04. Later it belonged to the Turkmen Hamid principality, the last ruler of which sold it to the Ottoman sultan about 1381. ...
in Islam, the Prophet Muhammad's night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem. As alluded to in the Qur'an (17:1), a journey was made by a servant of God, in a single night, from the "sacred place of worship" (al-masjid al-haram) to ...
either of two political units in the Old Testament: the united kingdom of Israel under the kings Saul, David, and Solomon that lasted from about 1020 to 922 BC; or the northern kingdom of Israel, including the territories of the ...
country in the Middle East, located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, to the northeast by Syria, to the east and southeast by Jordan, to the southwest by Egypt, and ...
Israeli social-democratic political party founded in January 1968 in the union of three socialist-labour parties. It and its major component, Mapai, dominated Israel's government from the country's independence in 1948 until 1977, when the rival Likud coalition first came to ...
museum in Jerusalem opened in 1965 and consisting of the Bezalel National Art Museum, the Samuel Bronfman Biblical and Archaeological Museum, a Youth Wing, the Shrine of the Book, and The Billy Rose Art Garden. The Shrine of the Book ...
