Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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implantation ... impulse-control disorder

implantation: in reproduction physiology, the adherence of a fertilized egg to a surface in the reproductive tract, usually to the uterine wall (see uterus), so that the egg may have a suitable environment for growth and development into a new offspring. ... [5 Related Articles]
impleader: (from the article "joinder and impleader") in law, processes whereby additional parties or additional claims are brought into suits because addressing them is necessary or desirable for the successful adjudication of the issues.procedural lawprocedural lawParties...the pending ...
implication: in logic, a relationship between two propositions in which the second is a logical consequence of the first. In most systems of formal logic, a broader relationship called material implication is employed, which is read "If A, then B," and ... [5 Related Articles]
implicature: (from the article "language, philosophy of") Austin's Oxford colleague H.P. Grice (1913-88) developed a sophisticated theory of how nonliteral aspects of meaning are generated and recovered through the exploitation of general principles of rational cooperation as adapted to conversational contexts. An utterance such as She got ...
implied powers: (from the article "McCulloch v. Maryland") U.S. Supreme Court case decided in 1819, in which Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed the constitutional doctrine of Congress' "implied powers." It determined that Congress had not only the powers expressly conferred upon it by the Constitution but also all ...
implied trust: (from the article "trust") ...simple example would be the situation in which one member of a family advances money to another and asks the second member to hold the money or to invest it for him. A more complicated example of an implied trust ...
implied warranty: (from the article "insurance") In the field of ocean marine insurance there are two general types of warranties that must be considered: express and implied. Express warranties are promises written into the contract. There are also three implied warranties, which do not appear in ...
implosion: (from the article "atomic bomb") ...becomes a critical one. This can be practically achieved by using high explosives to shoot two subcritical slugs of fissionable material together in a hollow tube. A second method used is that of implosion, in which a core of fissionable ...
impluvium: (from the article "atrium") ...the atrium held the altar to the family gods, the Lares. The atrium was designed either with or without columns; it had, universally, a marble basin known as the impluvium, which was situated in the centre of ...
import: (from the article "free trade") a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports) or subsidies (to exports). A free-trade policy does not necessarily imply, however, that a country abandons all control and taxation ...
import foreland: (from the article "hinterland") ...Export and import hinterlands have complementary forelands that lie on the seaward side of the port. An export foreland is the region to which the goods being shipped from the port are bound and an import foreland is the region ...
import hinterland: (from the article "hinterland") As the study of ports became more sophisticated, maritime observers identified export and import hinterlands. An export hinterland is the backcountry region from which the goods being shipped from the port originate and an import hinterland is the backcountry region ...
import quota: (from the article "quota") Tariff quotas may be distinguished from import quotas. A tariff quota permits the import of a certain quantity of a commodity duty-free or at a lower duty rate, while quantities exceeding the quota are subject to a higher duty rate. ...
import substitution: (from the article "economic development") ...number of manufactured goods. The experience of colonialism, and the distrust of the international economy that it engendered, led policymakers in most developing countries to adopt a policy of import substitution. This policy was intended to promote industrialization by protecting ...
import substitution industrialization: (from the article "Latin America, history of") ...developed industrial nations of the "centre" as against the developing nations of the "periphery." Their strategy therefore included emphasis on economic diversification and import substitution industrialization (ISI) for the sake of greater economic autonomy. They called for economic integration among ...
import tax: (from the article "tariff") Import duties are the most important and most common types of custom duties. As noted above, they may be levied for either revenue or protection, or both, but tariffs are not a satisfactory means of raising revenue, because they tend ...
imposition: (from the article "printing") ...pieces or in lines of lead alloy, is an operation called makeup. This is preceded, if the same form is to include several smaller pages to be printed together, such as a book, by an operation called imposition, which consists ...
impossibility: (from the article "criminal law") ...In continental European and some Anglo-American legal systems, attempt may also consist of conduct that would be criminal if the circumstances were as the actor believed them to be. A defense of "impossibility" is recognized only if the mistake is ...
impossibility theorem: (from the article "Arrow, Kenneth J.") ...to general economic equilibrium theory. He was cowinner (with Sir John R. Hicks) of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1972. Perhaps his most startling thesis (built on elementary mathematics) was the "impossibility theorem" (or "Arrow's theorem"), which holds that, ...
impossible event: (from the article "probability theory") ...is denoted A ∩ B; the union of A and B is the set of all experimental outcomes belonging to A or B (or both) and is denoted A ∪ B. The impossible event-i.e., the event containing no outcomes-is denoted ...
impossible figure: (from the article "number game") At first glance, drawings such as those in Figure 5 appear to represent plausible three-dimensional objects, but closer inspection reveals that they cannot; the representation is flawed by faulty perspective, false juxtaposition, or psychological distortion. Among the first to produce ...
impotence: in general, the inability of a man to achieve or maintain penile erection and hence the inability to participate fully in sexual intercourse. In its broadest sense the term impotence refers to the inability to become sexually aroused; in this ... [9 Related Articles]
impredicative construction: (from the article "mathematics, foundations of") A number of 19th-century mathematicians found fault with the program of reducing mathematics to arithmetic and set theory as suggested by the work of Cantor and Frege. In particular, the French mathematician Henri Poincare (1854-1912) objected to impredicative constructions, which ...
impregnation rite: (from the article "Hinduism") The impregnation rite, consecrating the intended time of conception, consists of a ritual meal of pounded rice (mixed with various other things according to whether the married man desires a fair, brown, or dark son; a learned son; or a ...
impression: (from the article "epistemology") Hume recognized two kinds of perception: "impressions" and "ideas." Impressions are perceptions that the mind experiences with the "most force and violence," and ideas are the "faint images" of impressions. Hume considered this distinction so obvious that he demurred from ...
Impression Exhibition of 1889: (from the article "Roberts, Tom") ...camps in the Australian bush. Later he joined Charles Conder and Arthur Streeton in the Eaglemont camp, where his influence on his fellow artists culminated in the historic nine-inch-by-five-inch Impression Exhibition of 1889-a showing in Melbourne of Impressionist landscapes painted ...
Impressionism: a major movement, first in painting and later in music, that developed chiefly in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Impressionist painting comprises the work produced between about 1867 and 1886 by a group of artists who ... [55 Related Articles]
impressionist story: (from the article "short story") Several American writers, from Poe to James, were interested in the "impressionist" story that focusses on the impressions registered by events on the characters' minds, rather than the objective reality of the events themselves. In Herman Melville's "Bartleby the Scrivener" ...
Impressions, the: (from the article "Chicago soul") The first record from the city with a distinctly soulful sound was Jerry Butler and the Impressions' "For Your Precious Love" (1958). Butler and the Impressions parted company to pursue parallel careers but remained in contact, and the group's guitarist, ...
impressment: enforcement of military or naval service on able-bodied but unwilling men through crude and violent methods. Until the early 19th century this practice flourished in port towns throughout the world. Generally impressment could provide effective crews only when patriotism was ... [1 Related Articles]
Impressment Bill: (from the article "United Kingdom") The initiative had returned to Pym and his allies, who now proceeded to pass much of their stalled legislation, including the exclusion of the bishops from the Lords and the Impressment Bill (1642), which allowed Parliament to raise the army ...
imprimatur: (Latin: "let it be printed"), in the Roman Catholic church, a permission, required by contemporary canon law and granted by a bishop, for the publication of any work on Scripture or, in general, any writing containing something of peculiar significance ...
Imprimerie Royale: (from the article "typography") ...had, generally speaking, deteriorated in vigour and quality. In France, the first comeback step was taken in 1640 by Louis XIII, who, under the influence of Cardinal de Richelieu, established the Imprimerie Royale at the Louvre. In 1692 Louis XIV ...
imprinting: in psychobiology, a form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object with which it has visual, auditory, or tactile experience and thereafter follows that object. In nature the object is almost invariably ... [7 Related Articles]
imprinting: process of transferring writing from a master copy to another form. There are three basic methods of imprinting: (1) spirit hectograph master cards, (2) stencil cards, and (3) metal or plastic plates. Hectograph master cards are made with the aid ...
imprinting defect: (from the article "congenital disorder") ...lethal condition. The best known of the many congenital disorders of connective tissue is Marfan syndrome, a rare cause of sudden death in young athletes. The rare class of genetic disorders called imprinting defects is due to abnormal parental expression ...
imprisonment: (from the article "crime") ...Serious offenses are handled by the courts, which were reformed in 1996 to make them more adversarial and to give the defense counsel more independence. Punishments for serious offenses include imprisonment and the death penalty. About 70 different offenses are ...
impromptu: a 19th-century piano composition intended to produce the illusion of spontaneous improvisation. In keeping with this fundamental premise, there is no particular form associated with the impromptu, although ternary and rondo schemes are common. The style of the music is ...
improper rotation: (from the article "symmetry") ...within the solid. Inversions move every atom to another position in the crystal; the old and new positions of the atom lie upon a line, at the middle of which is the centre of inversion. So-called improper rotations are rotations ...
improved mobile telephone service: (from the article "telephone and telephone system") In 1964 AT&T introduced a second generation of mobile telephony, known as improved mobile telephone service (IMTS). This provided full-duplex operation, automatic dialing, and automatic channel searching. Initially 11 channels were provided in the 152-158-megahertz band, but in 1969 an ...
Improving America's Schools Act: (from the article "land-grant college") ...1914 appropriated funds to the land-grant colleges to promote the development of scientific methods of agriculture. Land-grant status was conferred on 30 Native American tribal colleges under the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994.
improvisation: in music, the extemporaneous composition or free performance of a musical passage, usually in a manner conforming to certain stylistic norms but unfettered by the prescriptive features of a specific musical text. Music originated as improvisation and is still extensively ... [27 Related Articles]
improvisation: in theatre, the playing of dramatic scenes without written dialogue and with minimal or no predetermined dramatic activity. The method has been used for different purposes in theatrical history. [6 Related Articles]
improvised explosive device: (from the article "Military Affairs") ...the U.S. military reported its 2,000th fatality in October. The leading cause of death of troops of the U.S.-led coalition was remotely detonated roadside bombs, known in military parlance as IEDs (improvised explosive devices).
impulse: (from the article "mechanics") This integral is known as the impulse imparted to the particle. In order to perform the integral, it is necessary to know r at all times so that F may be known at all ...
impulse: (from the article "criminology") ...on early childhood experiences that tended to lead to criminality in later life, including poor parental child-rearing techniques, such as harsh or inconsistent discipline. Research also isolated impulsivity-the tendency to engage in high levels of activity, to be easily distracted, ...
impulse accelerator: (from the article "particle accelerator") Primarily for use in research on thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes, several high-intensity electron accelerators have been constructed. One type resembles a string of beads in which each bead is a torus of laminated iron and the string is the ...
impulse blading: (from the article "turbine") Two types of blading have been developed to a high degree of perfection: impulse blading and reaction blading. The principle of impulse blading is illustrated in the schematic diagram of Figure 1 for a first stage. A series of stationary ...
impulse staging: (from the article "turbine") ...to permit efficient conversion of the thermal energy in the steam to mechanical energy. In modern turbines, three types of staging are employed, either separately or in combination: (1) pressure (or impulse) staging, (2) reaction staging, and (3) velocity-compound staging.
impulse turbine: (from the article "turbine") In an impulse turbine the potential energy, or the head of water, is first converted into kinetic energy by discharging water through a carefully shaped nozzle. The jet, discharged into air, is directed onto curved buckets fixed on the periphery ...
impulse-control disorder: (from the article "attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder") ...coursing with many overlapping thoughts, emotions, impulses, and sensory stimuli. Attention can be defined as the ability to focus on one stimulus or task while resisting focus on the extraneous impulses; people with ADHD may have reduced ability to resist ...