Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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immunologic competence ... Imperial Force

immunologic competence: (from the article "blood") ...that also acts on the hypothalamus in the brain to produce fever. The ability to develop an immune response (i.e., the T cell-mediated and humoral immune responses) to foreign substances is called immunologic competence (immunocompetence). Immunologic competence, which begins to ...
immunologic ignorance: (from the article "human disease") ...immune self-destruction is afforded in which self-reactive lymphocytes lose their ability to react to self-antigens when they are encountered in blood and tissues. This state is referred to as immunologic ignorance. Autoimmune diseases arise when this mechanism fails and self-reactive ...
immunological memory: (from the article "immune system") ...a second immune response that is led by these long-lasting memory cells, which then give rise to another population of identical effector and memory cells. This secondary mechanism is known as immunological memory, and it is responsible for the lifetime ...
immunology: the scientific study of the body's resistance to invasion by other organisms (i.e., immunity). In a medical sense, immunology deals with the body's system of defense against disease-causing microorganisms and with disorders in that system's functioning. The artificial induction of ... [12 Related Articles]
immunosorbent electron microscope: (from the article "plant disease") ...for the identification of plant pathogens, particularly bacteria, viruses, and viroids. The techniques of traditional scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy have been applied to immunosorbent electron microscopy, in which the specimen is subject to an antigen-antibody reaction before observation ...
immunosuppressant: (from the article "drug") The dramatic progress made in the transplantation of tissue and organs has been in part due to the use of drugs that modify the immune response in recipients of these tissue and organs. The immunosuppressants are a class of drugs ...
immunotherapy: (from the article "bladder cancer") Bladder cancer may be treated through biological therapy, or immunotherapy, in which the body's own cells, chemicals, or other natural agents are used to help boost the natural immune response against the cancer. In some cases a special type of ...
Imo: state, southern Nigeria. Imo is bordered by the states of Anambra to the north, Abia (until 1991 part of Imo state) to the east, and Rivers to the south and west. The British first entered the territory in 1901, when ...
Imogen: (from the article "Cymbeline") In the play Cymbeline, the king of Britain, decides that his daughter, Imogen, must marry his horrid stepson Cloten. When Cymbeline learns that Imogen is secretly married to Posthumus, he banishes Posthumus, who heads for Rome. In a conversation with ...
imogolite: (from the article "Cation-exchange capacities and specific surface areas of clay minerals") Imogolite is an aluminosilicate with an approximate composition of SiO₂ · Al₂O₃ · 2.5H₂O. This mineral was discovered in 1962 in a soil derived from glassy volcanic ash known as "imogo." Electron-optical observations indicate that imogolite has a unique morphological ...
Imola: town and episcopal see, Emilia-Romagna regione, northern Italy. Imola lies along the Santerno River, southeast of Bologna. Its Forum Cornelii was a station on the Roman road Via Aemilia. The town was devastated in the 6th century by the Byzantine ...
impact forging: (from the article "forging") Several other forging processes are also used. In roll forging, the metal blank is run through matched rotating rolls with impressions sunk in their surfaces. Impact forging is essentially hammer forging in which both dies are moved horizontally, converging on ...
impact fuze: (from the article "bomb") Several types of fuzes are used in bombs. Impact fuzes, historically the most common type, are set in the bomb's nose and detonate upon impact, setting off the main charge. A time fuze, by contrast, acts after a controlled delay. ...
impact ionization: (from the article "mass spectrometry") ...1). A satisfactory electrode arrangement enables the production of a beam of ions much more nearly homogeneous in energy than with the arc, greatly simplifying the ensuing analyzing method. Electron impact has remained the most widely used method of ionization ...
impact period: (from the article "collective behaviour") In disasters such as floods and some hurricanes there is a distinctly long period of impact, which can be separated from a subsequent period of stocktaking or immobility. In earthquakes and explosions, on the other hand, the impact is so ...
impact printer: (from the article "information processing") Computer printers are commonly divided into two general classes according to the way they produce images on paper: impact and nonimpact. In the first type, images are formed by the print mechanism making contact with the paper through an ink-coated ...
impact test: (from the article "materials testing") Many materials, sensitive to the presence of flaws, cracks, and notches, fail suddenly under impact. The most common impact tests (Charpy and Izod) employ a swinging pendulum to strike a notched bar; heights before and after impact are used to ...
impacted fracture: (from the article "fracture") ...or greenstick, fracture occurs when the bone cracks and bends but does not completely break; when the bone does break into separate pieces, the condition is called a complete fracture. An impacted fracture occurs when the broken ends of the ...
impairment: (from the article "fatigue") ...Indeed, often enough one may be "fatigued" without knowing it, indicating the predominance of relatively subpersonalistic factors at work. Such factors can be lumped under the term impairment, mentioned originally as one of the major forms of human inadequacy. While ...
impala: (Aepyceros melampus), swift-running antelope, family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), that is found in large herds, usually near water, on the savannas and open woodlands of central and southern Africa.
impala lily: (from the article "Apocynaceae") ...and Amsonia sometimes are grown as ornamentals. The genera Adenium and Pachypodium are African succulents with alternate leaves and strangely shaped trunks. The impala lily (Adenium multiflorum) is an ornamental shrub with star-shaped flowers and large underground tubers. Arrow poisons ...
impalement: (from the article "heraldry") ...when strewn with minor charges; when charged with drops of liquid, it is gutte. Partition lines divide the shield. The most common ones are straight. Impalement means the division of the shield into two equal parts by a straight line ...
impasto: paint that is applied to a canvas or panel in quantities that make it stand out from the surface. Impasto was used frequently to mimic the broken-textured quality of highlights-i.e., the surfaces of objects that are struck by an intense ... [1 Related Articles]
Impatiens: large genus of herbaceous plants, belonging to the balsam family (Balsaminaceae), that are widely distributed in Asia, Africa, and North America. Some are regarded as weeds but others are popular garden plants. The name, meaning "impatient," refers to the readiness ...
Impatiens capensis: (from the article "Impatiens") ...75 cm (30 inches) in height, has flowers of almost every colour except blue. I. biflora, which grows 60-90 cm tall, is an annual with orange, brown-spotted flowers. I. capensis, which grows 120-150 cm tall, is an annual with orange, ...
impeachment: in common law, a criminal proceeding instituted against a public official by a legislative body. In Great Britain the House of Commons serves as prosecutor and the House of Lords as judge in an impeachment proceeding. In the federal government ... [13 Related Articles]
impedance audiometry: (from the article "ear, human") A simple and objective means of testing hearing at the level of the cochlea and brain stem is supplied by impedance audiometry. Two small tubes are sealed into the external canal. Through one tube sound from a small loudspeaker is ...
impedance mismatch: (from the article "sound") Mediums in which the speed of sound is different generally have differing acoustic impedances, so that, when a sound wave strikes an interface between the two, it encounters an impedance mismatch. As a result, some of the wave reflects while ...
impedance-matching transformer: (from the article "transformer") Impedance-matching transformers are used to match the impedance of a source and that of its load, for most efficient transfer of energy. Isolation transformers are usually employed for reasons of safety to isolate a piece of equipment from the source ...
impeller: (from the article "centrifugal pump") device for moving liquids and gases. The two major parts of the device are the impeller (a wheel with vanes) and the circular pump casing around it. In the most common type, called the volute centrifugal pump, fluid enters the ...
imperative ending: (from the article "Indo-European languages") To mark mood and tense, imperfective verbs that did not have a mood suffix distinguished three subtypes of active and mediopassive endings: imperative, primary, and secondary. Verbs with imperative endings belonged to the imperative mood (used for commands)-e.g., *
imperative language: (from the article "computer science") COBOL, FORTRAN, and their descendants, such as Pascal and C, are known as imperative languages, since they specify as a sequence of explicit commands how the machine is to go about solving the problem at hand; this is not very ...
imperative mood: (from the article "mood") Languages frequently distinguish grammatically three moods: the indicative, the imperative, and the subjunctive. The indicative is generally used for factual or neutral situations, as in English "John did his work" and Spanish "Juan hizo su trabajo." The imperative conveys commands ...
imperfect competition: (from the article "market") ...of affairs, known as "perfect competition," is quite contrary to the general run of business experience, particularly in bad times when under-capacity working is prevalent. A theory of imperfect competition was invented to reconcile the traditional theory with under-capacity working ...
imperfect flower: (from the article "angiosperm") A complete flower contains all four organs, while an incomplete flower is missing at least one. A bisexual (or "perfect") flower has both stamens and carpels, and a unisexual (or "imperfect") flower either lacks stamens (and is called carpellate) or ...
imperfective aspect: (from the article "Indo-European languages") The imperfective aspect, traditionally called "present," was used for repeated actions and for ongoing processes or states-e.g., *sti-stH₂-(e)- 'stand up more than once, be in the process of standing up,' *mn-ye- 'ponder, think,' *H₁es- ...
Imperia: town, Liguria regione, northwestern Italy. It lies on that part of the Riviera di Ponente known as the Riviera dei Fiori, northeast of San Remo. Formed in 1923 by the union of Porto Maurizio, Oneglia, and several villages, the town ...
Imperial: (from the article "Araucania") Two partially navigable rivers, the Imperial and the Tolten, traverse southern Araucania region from east to west. The cordilleran ridges and volcanoes at Tolguaca, Lonquimay, and Llaima and the forests, lakes, and hot springs at Tolguaca, Rio Blanco, and Manzanares ...
Imperial Airways: (from the article "British Airways PLC") ...when, with the award of government subsidies, four small postwar companies (Handley Page Transport Ltd., Instone Air Line Ltd., Daimler Airway, and British Marine Air Navigation Co.) merged to form Imperial Airways Ltd., one of the pioneers of intercontinental air ...
Imperial British East Africa Company: (from the article "Lugard, F.D.") His next enterprise was under the imperial British East Africa Company, one of the chartered companies that preceded imperial annexation in Africa. Leaving Mombasa in August 1890, he led a caravan for five months along an almost untrodden route of ...
Imperial Chemical Industries PLC: major British corporation that was founded in 1926 as Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. to amalgamate four major British chemical companies: Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd., Nobel Industries Ltd., United Alkali Company Ltd., and British Dyestuffs Corporation Ltd. Between World Wars ...
Imperial City: (from the article "Beijing") ...was in the form of an oblong adjoining the inner city, with walls that were 14 miles (23 km) in length, including 4 miles (6 km) of the southern wall of the inner city. Within the inner city was the ...
imperial city: any of the cities and towns of the Holy Roman Empire that were subject only to the authority of the emperor, or German king, on whose demesne (personal estate) the earliest of them originated. The term freie Reichsstadt, or Free ... [1 Related Articles]
Imperial College: institution of higher learning in London. It is one of the leading research colleges or universities in England. Its main campus is located in South Kensington (in Westminster), and its medical school is linked with several London teaching hospitals. Its ...
Imperial Conference: (from the article "World War II") On July 2, 1941, the Imperial Conference decided to press the Japanese advance southward even at the risk of war with Great Britain and the United States; and this policy was pursued even when Matsuoka was relieved of office a ...
Imperial Crown: crown created in the 10th century for coronations of the Holy Roman emperors. Although made for Otto the Great (912-973), it was named for Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman emperor.
Imperial Defence College: (from the article "military, naval, and air academies") ...Royal Naval College, Dartmouth; and air force cadets train at the Royal Air Force College, Cranwell (founded 1920). Selected commissioned officers are educated in higher strategy and policy at the Imperial Defence College.
Imperial Economic Conference: (from the article "imperial preference") ...policy of imperial preference. Such a policy-based on the principle of "home producers first, empire producers second, and foreign producers last"-was negotiated at the Imperial Economic Conference in Ottawa in 1932 and took the form of a series of bilateral ...
Imperial Edict: (from the article "Abdulmecid I") ...to 1861 who issued two major social and political reform edicts known as the Hatt-i Serif of Gulhane (Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber) in 1839 and the Hatt-i Humayun (Imperial Edict) in 1856, heralding the new era of Tanzimat ...
Imperial Flanders: (from the article "Baldwin IV") ...The count of Flanders thus became a feudatory of the empire as well as of the French crown. The French fiefs are known in Flemish history as Crown Flanders (Kroon-Vlaanderen), the German fiefs as Imperial Flanders (Rijks-Vlaanderen). Baldwin's son-afterward Baldwin ...
Imperial Force: (from the article "Yamagata Aritomo") ...to Japan in 1870, he became secretary to the vice minister of military affairs. Intending to abolish the system of the feudal domains and to centralize political power, he proposed forming an Imperial Force (Goshimpei). In early 1871, when a ...