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internal-combustion engine ... international relations
internal-combustion engine
any of a group of devices in which the reactants of combustion (oxidizer and fuel) and the products of combustion serve as the working fluids of the engine. Such an engine gains its energy from heat released during the combustion ...
internal-combustion engine
any engine in which a fuel-air mixture is burned in the engine proper so that the hot gaseous products of combustion act directly on the surface of its moving parts, such as that of a piston or turbine rotor blade. ...
international agreement
instrument by which states and other subjects of international law, such as certain international organizations, regulate matters of concern to them. The agreements assume a variety of form and style, but they are all governed by the law of treaties, ...
International Association of Athletics Federations
track-and-field organization of national associations of more than 160 countries. It was founded as the International Amateur Athletic Association at Stockholm in 1912. In 1936 the IAAF took over regulation of women's international track-and-field competition from the Federation Sportive Feminine ...
International Association of Universities
nongovernmental educational organization founded in 1950 to promote cooperation at the international level among the universities of all countries as well as among other bodies concerned with higher education and research. Membership consists of individual universities and institutions of university ...
International Atomic Energy Agency
autonomous intergovernmental organization dedicated to increasing the contribution of atomic energy to the world's peace and well-being and ensuring that agency assistance is not used for military purposes. The IAEA and its director general, Mohamed ElBaradei, won the Nobel Prize ...
International Ballet
British dance company. Founded in 1941 by Mona Inglesby to bring classical ballet to new urban and provincial audiences, it performed in cinemas and arenas, as well as at more conventional sites. The repertory included revivals of full-length ballets, especially ...
International Ballet Competitions
one of the world's most prestigious dance competitions, open to both male and female dancers of all countries, and much like the Olympic Games in purpose. The first International Ballet Competitions were held in Varna, Bulg., in July 1964. The ...
International Bank for Economic Cooperation
international bank instituted by an agreement signed by Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union in October 1963 to facilitate economic cooperation among the member countries and to promote their development. It began operations in ...
International Boundary Waters Treaty
(1909), treaty between the United States and Great Britain establishing an International Joint Commission of Americans and Canadians to oversee any issue related to waters on the boundary between the United States and Canada. The treaty was signed on Jan. ...
International Brigades
groups of foreign volunteers who fought on the Republican side against the Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39). So called because their members (initially) came from some 50 countries, the International Brigades were recruited, organized, and directed by ...
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
international organization founded to bring about the unification of measurement systems, to establish and preserve fundamental international standards and prototypes, to verify national standards, and to determine fundamental physical constants. The bureau was established by a convention signed in Paris ...
International Business Machines Corporation
leading American computer manufacturer, with a major share of the market both in the United States and abroad. Its headquarters are in Armonk, N.Y.
International Campaign to Ban Landmines
international coalition of nongovernmental organizations established in 1992 to ban the use, production, trade, and stockpiling of antipersonnel land mines. In 1997 the coalition was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace, which it shared with its founding coordinator, American Jody ...
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel
Pentecostal denomination established by Aimee Semple McPherson, a popular revivalist preacher, in Los Angeles in 1927. During a revival campaign in Oakland, California, U.S., four years earlier, "Sister" Aimee claimed to have seen a vision of four living creatures reminiscent ...
International Civil Aviation Organization
intergovernmental specialized agency associated with the United Nations (UN). Established in 1947 by the Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944), which had been signed by 52 states three years earlier in Chicago, the ICAO is dedicated to developing safe and ...
International Committee of the Red Cross
international nongovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, that seeks to aid victims of war and to ensure the observance of humanitarian law by all parties in conflict. The work of the ICRC in both World Wars was recognized by the ...
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
the world's principal organization of national trade union federations. The ICFTU was formed in 1949 by Western trade union federations that had withdrawn from the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) after bitter disagreements with the communist-led unions in the ...
International Council of Women
organization, founded in 1888, that works with agencies around the world to promote health, peace, equality, and education.
International Court of Justice
the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). The idea for the creation of an international court to arbitrate international disputes first arose during the various conferences that produced the Hague Conventions in the late 19th and early 20th ...
International Criminal Court
permanent judicial body established by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998) to prosecute and adjudicate individuals accused of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. On July 1, 2002, after the requisite number of countries (60) ratified ...
international criminal law
body of laws, norms, and rules governing international crimes and their repression, as well as rules addressing conflict and cooperation between national criminal-law systems. See also international law; conflict of laws.
international date line
imaginary line extending between the North Pole and the South Pole and arbitrarily demarcating each calendar day from the next. It corresponds along most of its length to the 180th meridian of longitude but deviates eastward through the Bering Strait ...
International Development Association
United Nations specialized agency affiliated with but legally and financially distinct from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). It was instituted in September 1960 to make loans on more flexible terms than those of the World Bank. ...
International Falls
city, seat (1906) of Koochiching county, northern Minnesota, U.S. The city is situated opposite Fort Frances, Ontario, Canada, on the Rainy River (bridged), near its outlet on Rainy Lake. The site was first settled in 1870 by Alexander Baker and ...
International Federation for Information and Documentation
international library organization that was founded in 1895 as the Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB) to promote a unified and centralized approach to bibliographic classification. The IIB was founded by two Belgian lawyers, Paul Otlet and Henri Lafontaine. In 1905 ...
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
international organization responsible for encouraging the formation of and aiding national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. The federation shared the Nobel Prize for Peace with the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1963; at the time its name ...
International Finance Corporation
United Nations (UN) specialized agency affiliated with but legally separate from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). Founded in 1956 to stimulate the economic development of its members by providing capital for private enterprises, the IFC has ...
International Fund for Agricultural Development
United Nations (UN) specialized agency that supports increased food production in poor communities. Partly in response to severe famines in the southern Sahara in the early 1970s, the 1974 World Food Conference adopted a resolution that established IFAD in November ...
International Geophysical Year
worldwide program of geophysical research that was conducted from July 1957 to December 1958. IGY was directed toward a systematic study of the Earth and its planetary environment. The IGY encompassed research in 11 fields of geophysics: aurora and airglow, ...
International Herald Tribune
daily newspaper published in Paris, France, that has long been the staple source of English-language news for American expatriates, tourists, and businesspeople in Europe. It is considered the first "global" newspaper. The IHT's roots are in the
International Ice Patrol
patrol established in 1914 by the agreement of 16 nations with shipping interests in the North Atlantic Ocean after the Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank (1912). The patrol locates icebergs in the North Atlantic, follows and predicts their ...
International Investment Bank
international bank founded in 1970 and operational in 1971, designed to provide long- and medium-term credit for capital construction in member states. The founding members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, and Vietnam. ...
International Labour Organization
specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) dedicated to improving labour conditions and living standards throughout the world. Established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles as an affiliated agency of the League of Nations, the ILO became the first ...
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
former industrial union in the United States and Canada that represented workers in the women's clothing industry. When the ILGWU was formed in 1900, most of its members were Jewish immigrants employed in sweatshops-i.e., small manufacturing establishments that employed workers ...
international law
the body of legal rules, norms, and standards that apply between sovereign states and other entities that are legally recognized as international actors. The term was coined by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832).
International Law, Institute of
international organization founded in Ghent, Belgium, in 1873 to develop and implement international law as a codified science responsible for the legal morality and integrity of the civilized world. In 1904 the Institute of International Law was awarded the Nobel ...
International Maritime Organization
United Nations (UN) specialized agency created to develop international treaties and other mechanisms on maritime safety; to discourage discriminatory and restrictive practices in international trade and unfair practices by shipping concerns; and to reduce maritime pollution. The IMO has also ...
International Monetary Fund
United Nations (UN) specialized agency, founded at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 to secure international monetary cooperation, to stabilize currency exchange rates, and to expand international liquidity (access to hard currencies).
International Olympic Committee
organization formed in Paris in 1894 to conduct, promote, and regulate the modern Olympic Games (q.v.).
international organization
institution drawing membership from at least three states, having activities in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal agreement. The Union of International Associations, a coordinating body, differentiates between the more than 250 international governmental organizations ...
International Organization for Standardization
specialized international organization founded in Geneva in 1947 and concerned with standardization in all technical and nontechnical fields except electrical and electronic engineering (the responsibility of the International Electrotechnical Commission). Its membership extends to more than 100 countries, and each ...
International Paper Company
major American manufacturer of pulp and paper products, including printing paper, specialty paper products, packaging materials, lumber, and manufactured construction materials. It also is one of the world's largest private owners of timberland, with millions of acres of forest holdings ...
international payment and exchange
respectively, any payment made by one country to another and the market in which national currencies are bought and sold by those who require them for such payments. Countries may make payments in settlement of a trade debt, for capital ...
International Peace Bureau
international organization founded in 1891 in Bern, Switz., to create a central office through which peace activities of several countries could be coordinated. The Peace Bureau was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1910, after having been nominated during ...
International Peace Garden
park that straddles the North Dakota (U.S.)-Manitoba (Can.) border in the Turtle Mountain Valley. It is situated about 30 miles (50 km) north of the geographical centre of North America and 81 miles (130 km) northeast of Minot, N.D. The ...
International Phonetic Alphabet
(IPA), an alphabet developed with the intention of enabling students and linguists to learn and record the pronunciation of languages accurately, thereby avoiding the confusion of inconsistent, conventional spellings and a multitude of individual transcription systems. One aim of the ...
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
international organization of doctors who are opposed to the nuclear arms race and who seek to educate the public on the catastrophic medical consequences that would result from a nuclear war. The group was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace ...
International Refugee Organization
(IRO), temporary specialized agency of the United Nations that, between its formal establishment in 1946 and its termination in January 1952, assisted refugees and displaced persons in many countries of Europe and Asia who either could not return to their ...
international relations
the study of the relations of states with each other and with international organizations and certain subnational entities (e.g., bureaucracies, political parties, and interest groups). It is related to a number of other academic disciplines, including political science, geography, history, ...
international relations
history of world diplomacy and events from the period of World War I to the last decade of the 20th century.
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