Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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IL-2 ... Ilipa, Battle of

IL-2: (from the article "interleukin") ...different types of interleukins are known, and they are designated numerically, IL-1 through IL-15. The immunological functions of most of the interleukins are known to some degree. IL-1 and IL-2 are primarily responsible for activating T and B lymphocytes (white ...
Il-Khanid Dynasty: (1256-1353), Mongol dynasty that ruled in Iran. Il-khan is Persian for "subordinate khan." [18 Related Articles]
Ila: a Bantu-speaking people inhabiting an area west of Lusaka, the national capital of Zambia. The Ila-Tonga cluster consists of about 12 dialect groups, including the Lozi, Koba, Lenje, Tonga, Totela, Ila, and others. [2 Related Articles]
Ila: town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. The town lies in the Yoruba Hills and on the road from Oshogbo to Omu-Aran. One of the oldest settlements of the Yoruba people, it was founded according to tradition by the
ilahi: (from the article "Muhammad") ...music and chanting, which is very popular on the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent, returns over and over to the theme of the Prophet. The same can be said of ilahi, or Sufi songs, in Turkey. Music devoted to the ...
Ilahi era: (from the article "chronology") ...reversion to the regnal chronologies of antiquity. It continued in use for some generations, then the ordinary Hijrah era was reintroduced. A similar step was taken by Akbar when he established the Ilahi era, which began on Rabi' II 963 ...
Ilam: city, western Iran. The city is rural in appearance and is located near the Iraq-Iran border. A number of roads emanate from Ilam, linking it with the border towns of Mehran and Dehloran. The city's population consists mostly of Kurds. ...
Ilanko Atikal: (from the article "South Asian arts") The Cilappatikaram, by Ilanko Atikal, is in three books, set in the capitals of the three Tamil kingdoms: Pukar (the Cola capital), Maturai (i.e., Madurai, the Pantiya [Pandya] capital), and Vanci (the Cera capital). The story is not about kings ...
Ilaro: town, western Ogun state, southwestern Nigeria. Located on the former trade route from the towns of the empire of Oyo to the port of Porto-Novo (now the capital of Benin), 40 miles (64 km) southwest, it was established by the ...
Ilave: (from the article "Peru") The rule of law was also problematic in some areas. In April some Aymara residents of Ilave, a small city in the highland district of Puno near the Bolivian border, became outraged with the behaviour of their mayor and lynched ...
ilbeg: (from the article "Bakhtyari") ...farmlands. The position of khan, or paramount leader, of the Bakhtyari is held for two years by the chief of the Haft Lang, with the chief of the Chahar Lang as his ilbeg, or deputy. For the next two years ...
Ilbert Bill: in the history of India, a controversial measure proposed in 1883 that sought to allow senior Indian magistrates to preside over cases involving British subjects in India. The bill, severely weakened by compromise, was enacted by the Indian Legislative Council ...
Ilchester: town ("parish"), South Somerset district, administrative and historic county of Somerset, England. It lies along the River Yeo. Ilchester was known as Lindinis under Roman rule and was the northern tribal capital of the Durotriges, an early British people. A ...
Ildir: (from the article "Erythrae") ...Mimas (now Kara Burun) peninsula in western Turkey. The original site of traditionally Cretan and later Ionian settlement is uncertain, but from the 4th century BC the city was located at modern Ildir, where traces of the wall circuit, theatre, ...
Ile Alatau Range: (from the article "Tien Shan") ...of the part of the Tien Shan in Kazakhstan forms the Zhonggar (Dzungarian) Alatau Range (14,645 feet [4,464 metres]), which is subject to considerable glacial action. To the south the Ile Alatau (Trans-Ili) Range rises abruptly above the Ili depression ...
Ile-de-France: region of France encompassing the north-central departements of Val-d'Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-Saint-Denis, Ville-de-Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Essonne, and Yvelines. Ile-de-France is bounded by the regions of Picardy (Picardie) to the north, Champagne-Ardenne to ... [5 Related Articles]
Ile-Ife: town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. The town lies at the intersection of roads from Ibadan (40 miles [64 km] west), Ilesha, and Ondo. It is one of the larger centres and probably the oldest town of the Yoruba people. Considered ... [3 Related Articles]
Ilebo: town, south-central Democratic Republic of the Congo. The town lies along the Kasai River near its junction with the Sankuru River. Ilebo is a river port and has rail connections with Kananga and Lubumbashi. It is an important transshipment point ... [1 Related Articles]
ileitis: chronic inflammation of one or more sections of the intestine. In its strict sense, the term refers to an inflammation of the lower, or terminal, portion of the small intestine, known as the ileum. A specific and more serious type ...
ileocecal valve: (from the article "valve") ...valve unique to the lower vertebrates is the renal portal valve, which closes to shunt blood past the kidneys, increasing its supply elsewhere when necessary. In the digestive system of mammals the ileocecal valve, controlled by a sphincter muscle, prevents ...
ileostomy: (from the article "ostomy") ...that connects to the outside; the most common types are colostomy, in which the lower part of the colon, or large intestine, is removed and the upper segment (usually) opened to the outside wall; ileostomy, in which the ileum, the ...
Ilerda, Campaign of: (49 BC), the campaign leading to the victory of Julius Caesar over Pompey's forces in Spain. In the spring of 49 BC, Caesar sent six legions from Gaul into Spain under Gaius Fabius and joined them at Ilerda (present-day Lerida) ...
Ilesha: town, Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies in the Yoruba Hills and at the intersection of roads from Ile-Ife, Oshogbo, and Akure. The town is one of the oldest settlements in Yorubaland-according to tradition, it was founded by an owa ...
ileum: the final and longest segment of the small intestine. It is specifically responsible for the absorption of vitamin B₁₂ and the reabsorption of conjugated bile salts. The ileum is about 4 metres (13 feet) long and extends from the jejunum ... [3 Related Articles]
Ilf and Petrov: Soviet humorists active at the end of the 1920s and in the '30s. The intimate literary collaboration of Ilya Ilf (pseudonym of Ilya Arnoldovich Faynzilberg; b. Oct. 3 [Oct. 15, New Style], 1897, Odessa, Russian Empire [now in Ukraine], -d. ...
Ilf, Ilya: (from the article "Ilf and Petrov") Born into a poor Jewish family, Ilf worked at various trades while a youth, becoming a journalist in Odessa at age 18. He went to Moscow in 1923 to begin a career as a professional writer. Petrov, the son of ...
Ilgaz Mountains: (from the article "Turkey") ...metres), dividing the Pontic Mountains into western and eastern sections. In the western section, between the Sakarya and Kizil rivers, there are four main ridges: the Kure, Bolu, Ilgaz, and Koroglu mountains. East of the Yesil the system is higher, ...
Ilghazi, Najm ad-Din: (from the article "Roger") ...He forestalled a Seljuq Turkish attempt to reconquer Syria by his victory in the Battle of Danith (September 14, 1115). Fighting for possession of Aleppo, he was defeated and killed by the Artuqid Ilghazi of Mardin in the Battle of ...
Ilhan, Attila: (from the article "Turkish literature") The poet Attila Ilhan also wrote several successful novels. He lived and worked in Paris intermittently between 1949 and 1965 and later worked as a journalist in Turkey. His poetry, while modernist in its use of highly sophisticated language, often ...
Ilheus: city, southeastern Bahia estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is situated just east of Itabuna near the mouth of the Cachoeira River on Ilheus Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. An old Portuguese colonial settlement that was ...
ili: (from the article "Hawaiian") ...fish; the littoral for coconuts; the valley for taro, their principal food; the lower slopes for sweet potatoes, yams, and bananas; and the mountain for wood. The next subdivision was called the ili; it was either subservient to the ahupuaa ...
Ili crisis: (from the article "China") ...and Gansu to East Turkistan, a Tajik adventurer from Khokand, Yakub Beg, seized the opportunity to invade Kashgaria and established power there in 1865; he soon showed signs of advancing to the Ili region in support of the British in ...
Ili River: river in western Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, China, and southeastern Kazakhstan. It is 870 miles (1,400 km) long and drains the basin between the Tien Shan range to the south and the Borohoro (Poluokenu) Mountains to the north. Both ... [1 Related Articles]
iliac artery: (from the article "aorta") ...kidneys, reproductive glands, and other organs. At the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra, which is about even with the top of the hip bones, the aorta divides into the right and left common iliac arteries, the principal arteries to ...
iliac colon: (from the article "digestive system, human") The sigmoid colon is commonly divided into iliac and pelvic parts. The iliac colon stretches from the crest of the ilium, or upper border of the hipbone, to the inner border of the psoas muscle, which lies in the left ...
iliac fossa: (from the article "kidney transplant") The new kidney is implanted in the iliac fossa, a space in the groin area just below and to the side of the umbilicus; usually a right kidney is placed in the left fossa and vice versa to aid in ...
iliac vein: (from the article "vena cava") The inferior vena cava is formed by the coming together of the two major veins from the legs, the common iliac veins, at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra, just below the small of the back. Unlike the superior ...
Iliamna: (from the article "Major volcanoes of the world") ...into Bristol Bay and the Bering Sea. The lake has several islands, including Porcupine, Flat, Triangle, and Seal islands, and it is noted for its game fish, especially rainbow trout. The active Iliamna Volcano (10,016 feet [3,053 metres]) lies northeast ...
Iliamna Lake: inland body of water, southwestern Alaska, U.S. It lies west of Cook Inlet (Gulf of Alaska), near Lake Clark National Park and Preserve (north) and Katmai National Park and Preserve (south). Named by Tanaina Indians, the lake was said to ...
Ilichevsk: (from the article "Odessa") The city remains a major port in Ukraine, with well-equipped docks and ship-repair yards. After 1857 a new outport was built at Ilichevsk, 12 miles (20 km) to the south. Odessa is the base of a fishing fleet. The city's ...
Iliescu, Ion: Romanian politician who twice served as president of Romania (1990-96; 2000-04). [2 Related Articles]
Iligan: city, northern Mindanao, southern Philippines. On the southeastern shore of Iligan Bay, it is the island's major industrial city and an important port at the mouth of the Iligan River. Its growth has stemmed largely from the proximity of the ...
Ilin bushy-tailed cloud rat: (from the article "cloud rat") With a body length of 25 cm, the Ilin bushy-tailed cloud rat (C. paulus) is the smallest of the group, with short, coarse, brown fur, a cream-coloured underside, and a short, hairy, tricoloured tail. It was found on Ilin Island, ...
Ilinden Uprising: (from the article "Bulgaria") Macedonia constituted the principal objective of Ferdinand's diplomacy. On July 20 (August 2), 1903, the Macedonian revolt-known as the Ilinden (St. Elijah's Day) Uprising-was brutally suppressed, focusing attention yet again on the problems of Turkish misrule in Macedonia. In 1908 ...
Ilinsky, Igor: Russian actor of stage and screen, especially well known for his comic portrayals of rogues and buffoons.
iliocostalis muscle: any of the deep muscles of the back that, as part of the erector spinae (sacrospinalis) muscle group, aid in extension (bending backward), lateral flexion (bending to the side), and rotation of the spinal column. The iliocostalis group consists of ... [1 Related Articles]
iliofemoralis muscle: (from the article "muscle") ...runs from the bones of the pelvis to the femur (the proximal bone of the hind limb). This reptilian muscle appears to be represented by three mammalian hip muscles: psoas, iliacus, and pectineus. Iliofemoralis acts as an abductor of the ...
iliohypogastric nerve: (from the article "nervous system, human") Minor cutaneous and muscular branches of the lumbar plexus include the iliohypogastric, genitofemoral, and ilioinguinal (projecting to the lower abdomen and to inguinal and genital regions) and the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (to skin on the lateral thigh). Two major ...
ilioinguinal nerve: (from the article "nervous system, human") Minor cutaneous and muscular branches of the lumbar plexus include the iliohypogastric, genitofemoral, and ilioinguinal (projecting to the lower abdomen and to inguinal and genital regions) and the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (to skin on the lateral thigh). Two major ...
Ilion: village, Herkimer county, central New York, U.S. It lies on the Mohawk River and the New York State Canal System, adjacent to Mohawk village, 11 miles (18 km) southeast of Utica. Settled in 1725 by Palatinate Germans, it was known ...
Ilipa, Battle of: (206 BC), victory of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio (later called Scipio Africanus) over Carthaginian forces in Spain during the Second Punic War. Scipio, who had been campaigning against the Carthaginian armies in Spain since 210, met their combined ... [2 Related Articles]