Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Hasan Abdal ... Hastings, Warren

Hasan Abdal: town, northern Pakistan. The town is a textile and communications centre that is connected by the Grand Trunk Road and by rail with Peshawar and Rawalpindi. It has government colleges affiliated with the University of the Punjab. The Buddhist site ...
Hasan al-Banna': Egyptian political and religious leader who established a new religious society, the Muslim Brotherhood, and played a central role in Egyptian political and social affairs.
Hasan al-Basri, al-: deeply pious and ascetic Muslim who was one of the most important relgious figures in early Islam.
Hasan-e Sabbah: leader of an Islamic sect, the Nizari Isma'ilites, and commonly believed to be the founder of the order known as the Assassins (q.v.).
Hasanlu: ancient Iranian site located in the Solduz Valley of Azerbaijan. Excavations there have been important for knowledge of the prehistory of northwestern Iran, especially during the late 2nd and early 1st millennia BC.
Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu: scholar and archivist who was a pioneer in Romanian language and historical studies.
Hasdrubal: Carthaginian general who unsuccessfully attempted to sustain military ascendancy on the Spanish peninsula in the face of Roman attacks.
Hasdrubal: Carthaginian general, the son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca.
Hasdrubal: Carthaginian general customarily identified as the son of Gisco.
Hasegawa Tohaku: Japanese painter of the Azuchi-Momoyama period (1574-1600) and the founder of the Hasegawa school of painting or painters.
Hasek, Jaroslav: Czech writer best known for his satirical novel The Good Soldier Schweik.
Hasenclever, Walter: German Expressionist poet and dramatist whose work is a protest against bourgeois materialism and the war-making state.
Hashimite: any of the Arab descendants, either direct or collateral, of the prophet Muhammad, from among whom came the family that created the 20th-century Hashimite dynasty. Muhammad himself was a member of the house of Hashim (Hashem), a subdivision of the ...
Hashimiyah: Islamic religiopolitical sect of the 8th-9th century AD, instrumental in the 'Abbasid overthrow of the Umayyad caliphate. The movement appeared in the Iraqi city of Kufah in the early 700s among supporters (called Shi'ites) of the fourth caliph 'Ali, who ...
Hashimoto disease: a noninfectious form of inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis).
Hashimoto Gaho: Japanese painter who helped revive Japanese-style painting in the Meiji era.
Hashimoto Ryutaro: Japanese politician, whose election as prime minister in 1996 signaled a return to Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) rule after a brief Socialist regime (1994-95). He left office in 1998 after having failed in his attempts to end a long-lasting economic ...
hashish: a hallucinogenic drug preparation derived from the resin secreted by the flowering tops of cultivated female hemp plants (Cannabis sativa). More loosely, in Arabic-speaking countries, the term may denote a preparation made from any of various parts of the hemp ...
Hasi, Tel: ancient archaeological site in southwestern Palestine, located southwest of Lachish (Tel Lakhish) in modern Israel. Excavation of the site, carried out in 1890 by Sir Flinders Petrie and in 1892-94 by F.J. Bliss, revealed that the first occupation began about ...
Hasidean: member of a pre-Christian Jewish sect of uncertain origin, noted for uncompromising observance of Judaic Law. The Hasideans joined the Maccabean revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucids (2nd century BC) to fight for religious freedom and stem the tide of paganism. ...
Hasidism: (from Hebrew hasid, "pious one"), a pietistic movement within Judaism that began in the 18th century in southeastern Poland (Volhynia and Podolia) and persists today in small but vigorous groups, especially in the United States and Israel. Hasidism was a ...
Hasidism: (from Hebrew hasid, "pious one"), a 12th- and 13th-century Jewish religious movement in Germany that combined austerity with overtones of mysticism. It sought favour with the common people, who had grown dissatisfied with formalistic ritualism and had turned their attention ...
Haskala: a late 18th- and 19th-century intellectual movement among the Jews of central and eastern Europe that attempted to acquaint Jews with the European and Hebrew languages and with secular education and culture as supplements to traditional Talmudic studies. Though the ...
Haskins, Charles Homer: American educator and a leading medievalist of his generation, known for his critical studies of Norman institutions and the transmission of Greco-Arabic learning to the West.
Haslemere: town ("parish"), Waverley district, administrative and historic county of Surrey, England. Located in the southwestern corner of Surrey, Haslemere is attractively situated between the sandy heights of Hindhead (895 feet [273 m]) and Blackdown (918 feet), both of which belong ...
Hasmonean Dynasty: dynasty of ancient Judaea, descendants of the Maccabee (q.v.) family. The name derived (according to Josephus, in The Antiquities of the Jews) from the name of their ancestor Hasmoneus (Hasmon), or Asamonaios. In 143 (or 142) BC Simon Maccabeus, son ...
Hass, Robert: American poet and translator whose body of work and tenure as poet laureate consultant in poetry (1995-97) reveal his deep conviction that poetry, as one critic put it, "is what defines the self."
Hassam, Childe: painter and printmaker, one of the foremost exponents of French Impressionism in American art.
Hassan: town, south-central Karnataka (formerly Mysore) state, southern India. Lying at an elevation of 3,084 feet (940 metres), the town has a cool, humid climate. It dates from the 12th century and is now a trading centre served by a spur ...
Hassan I: sultan of Morocco (1873-94), whose policy of internal reforms brought his country a degree of stability previously unknown and who succeeded in preserving the independence of that North African nation.
Hassan ibn Thabit: Arabian poet, best-known for his poems in defense of the Prophet Muhammad.
Hassan II: king of Morocco from 1961 to 1999. Like King Hussein of Jordan, Hassan was considered by pious Muslims to be a direct descendant of the Prophet Muhammad (Ahl al-Bayt).
Hasse, Ernst: German nationalist and political leader who turned the General German League (Allgemeiner Deutscher Verband), founded in 1891, into the militantly nationalistic and anti-Semitic Pan-German League (Alldeutscher Verband) in 1894.
Hasse, Johann Adolph: outstanding composer of operas in the Italian style that dominated late Baroque opera.
Hassel, Odd: Norwegian physical chemist and corecipient, with Derek H.R. Barton of Great Britain, of the 1969 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work in establishing conformational analysis (the study of the three-dimensional geometric structure of molecules).
Hasselt: capital of Limburg province, northeastern Belgium. It lies along the Demer River near the Albert Canal, northwest of Liege. For centuries it has been a centre of administration, a market town, and a home of distilleries (the gin called Hasselt ...
Hasselt, Andre van: Romantic poet whose career influenced the "Young Belgium" writers' efforts to establish an identifiable French-Belgian literature in the late-19th century.
Hassenpflug, Hans Daniel: pro-Austrian Hessian politician whose reactionary, anticonstitutional policies earned him the nickname "Hessenfluch" ("Curse of Hesse").
Hassi Messaoud: major oilfield, east-central Algeria. The field lies in the Grand Erg (sand dunes) Oriental of the Sahara. The Hassi Messaoud oilfield, discovered in 1956, has a generally north-south axis, and the reservoirs are sandstones of the Paleozoic Era. In 1979 ...
Hassi R'Mel: town, containing one of the world's major natural-gas fields (discovered in 1956), north-central Algeria. It lies 37 miles (60 km) northwest of Ghardaia. It is also an intermediate stage on the natural-gas and oil pipelines running from Hassi Messaoud to ...
Hassler, Hans Leo: outstanding German composer notable for his creative expansion of several musical styles.
Hassuna: ancient Mesopotamian town located south of modern Mosul in northern Iraq. Excavated in 1943-44 by the Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities, Hassuna was found to represent a rather advanced village culture that apparently spread throughout northern Mesopotamia. At Hassuna itself, six ...
Hassunah, 'Abd al-Khaliq: Egyptian diplomat who was secretary-general of the Arab League (1952-72) and a skillful mediator, particularly during the international crisis that ensued after Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956 and during the difficulties surrounding the independence ...
Hastings: city, seat (1857) of Dakota county, southeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies on the Mississippi River where it is joined by the St. Croix River, about 20 miles (30 km) southeast of St. Paul. Part of the city extends across the ...
Hastings: borough (district), administrative county of East Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. The old port of Hastings, premier among the medieval Cinque Ports, has developed in modern times as a seaside resort. Prehistoric earthworks and the ruins of a medieval ...
Hastings: city, seat (1878) of Adams county, south-central Nebraska, U.S. The city lies along the West Fork of the Big Blue River. Founded in 1872 at the eastern terminus of the St. Joseph and Denver City Railroad, it was named for ...
Hastings: city ("district"), Hawke's Bay local government region, eastern North Island, New Zealand. It lies on the Heretaunga Plains, near Hawke Bay. The area's first European settlers arrived in 1864 to take up land leased from the local Maoris. The settlement ...
Hastings, Battle of: (Oct. 14, 1066), battle that ended in the defeat of Harold II of England by William, duke of Normandy, and established the Normans as the rulers of England.
Hastings, Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st marquess of, 2nd earl of Moira: British soldier and colonial administrator; as governor-general of Bengal he conquered the Maratha states and greatly strengthened British rule in India.
Hastings, Frank Abney: British naval officer who fought in the War of Greek Independence and was the first commander to use a ship with auxiliary steam power in naval action.
Hastings, Warren: the first and most famous of the British governors-general of India, who dominated Indian affairs from 1772 to 1785 and was impeached (though acquitted) on his return to England.