English physician and philosopher credited with the first formulation of the psychological system known as associationism. Attempting to explain how thought processes occur, Hartley's associationism, with later modifications, has endured as an integral part of modern psychological theory. Hartley was ...
radical English pamphleteer, member of the House of Commons (1774-80, 1782-84), and inventor, son of the philosopher David Hartley. As British plenipotentiary he signed the Treaty of Paris (September 3, 1783), ending the American Revolution, which he had opposed (
English novelist, short-story writer, and critic whose works fuse a subtle observation of manners traditional to the English novel with an interest in the psychological nuance.
U.S. painter who, after extensive travels had brought him into contact with a variety of modern art movements, arrived at a distinctive, personal type of Expressionism, seen best in his bold paintings of the harsh landscape of Maine. After study ...
American physiologist who was a cowinner (with George Wald and Ragnar Granit) of the 1967 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work in analyzing the neurophysiological mechanisms of vision.
German-born American literary critic and theorist who opposed Formalism and championed criticism as a creative act. In his writing, noted for its difficulty, he maintained that the greatest writing is infinitely interpretable.
German metaphysical philosopher, called "the philosopher of the unconscious," who sought to reconcile two conflicting schools of thought, rationalism and irrationalism, by emphasizing the central role of the unconscious mind.
inborn metabolic disorder involving the amino acid tryptophan. Normally, one of the metabolic pathways of tryptophan leads to the synthesis of nicotinic acid, or niacin, a vitamin of the B group, a deficiency of which causes pellagra. In Hartnup disease, ...
American philosopher, theologian, and educator known as the most influential proponent of a "process philosophy," which considers God a participant in cosmic evolution.
city, Darlington county, northeastern South Carolina, U.S., on Prestwood Lake (an impoundment of Black Creek). The area was first settled in 1760 and grew in the 19th century around Thomas Edward Hart's plantation. Major James L. Coker established a crossroads ...
French painter of German origins, one of the leading European exponents of a completely abstract style of painting. He became particularly well known for his carefully composed, almost calligraphic arrangements of black lines on coloured backgrounds.
American scientist who, with Sir Paul M. Nurse and R. Timothy Hunt, shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2001 for discovering key regulators of the cell cycle.
mountains in southern Tasmania, Australia, extending for 30 mi (50 km) north-south. They are heavily glaciated and rise to 4,111 ft (1,253 m) at Hartz Mountain. The lower slopes, clad in rain forest, give way to peaks that are snow-capped ...
one of the most successful of the Spanish romantic dramatists, editor of standard editions of Spanish classics, and author of fanciful poetry in a traditional style.
hilly basaltic plateau of central Libya. A startlingly black expanse (area 15,500 sq mi [40,150 sq km]), it rises out of the surrounding sand to 2,600 ft (800 m) and is crowned by a series of volcanoes, Qarat as-Sab'ah, attaining ...
fifth caliph of the 'Abbasid dynasty (786-809), who ruled Islam at the zenith of its empire with a luxury in Baghdad memorialized in The Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights Entertainment).
ancient Etruscan diviners, "entrail observers" whose art consisted primarily in deducing the will of the gods from the appearance presented by the entrails of the sacrificial animal. They also interpreted all portents or unusual phenomena of nature, especially thunder and ...
in Islamic mythology, two angels who unwittingly became masters of evil. A group of angels, after observing the sins being committed on earth, began to ridicule man's weakness. God declared that they would act no better under the same circumstances ...
scheme for assigning stars to types according to their temperatures as estimated from their spectra. The Harvard system is a predecessor of the generally accepted MK classification system.
oldest institution of higher learning in the United States (founded 1636) and one of the nation's most prestigious. It is one of the Ivy League schools. The main university campus lies along the Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts, a few ...
largest university library and the first institutional library in what became the United States, established when John Harvard, a young Puritan minister, left his collection of 260 volumes to the new Harvard College in Cambridge, Mass., in 1638. The core ...
astronomical research institution headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S., on the campus of Harvard University. The CfA was created in 1973 by reorganizing the Harvard College Observatory and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under one director.
traditional English harvest festival, celebrated from antiquity and surviving to modern times in isolated regions. Participants celebrate the last day of harvest in late September by singing, shouting, and decorating the village with boughs. The cailleac, or last sheaf of ...
the full moon nearest the autumnal equinox (about September 23). Near the time of the autumnal equinox, the angle of the moon's orbit relative to the Earth's horizon is at its minimum, causing the full moon to rise above the ...
in biology, any member of the insect subfamily Gerydinae of the widely distributed Lycaenidae family of common butterflies (order Lepidoptera). Adult lycaenids, sometimes known as gossamer-winged butterflies, are small and delicate, with an 18- to 38-millimetre (0.75- to 1.5-inch) wingspan. ...
in farming, any of several machines for harvesting; the design and function of harvesters varies widely according to crop. See binder; combine; corn harvester; cotton harvester; header; reaper; thresher; windrower. Seealso entries for particular crops (e.g., hay, for hay-cutting ...
any of several different genera of ants (e.g., Messor, Atta, Pheidole, Pogonomyrmex) that gather seeds and leaves. Messor species collect, husk, and store seeds in their nests. Atta species collect leaves and use them to grow fungi, which they eat.
American restauranteur, who operated a chain of restaurants along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, each called the Harvey House and often staffed by "Harvey Girls."
English writer and friend of the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser; the latter celebrated their friendship in The Shepheardes Calender (1579) through the characters of Hobbinol (Harvey) and Colin Clout (Spenser). Harvey was also noted for his tenacious participation in literary ...
English physician and discoverer of the true nature of the circulation of the blood and of the function of the heart as a pump. Functional knowledge of the heart and the circulation had remained almost at a standstill ever since ...
town (township), Barnstable county, southeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies on the southern coast of Cape Cod. Named for Harwich, England, it was settled about 1655 and incorporated in 1694. Once a whaling and shipbuilding centre, its economy is now based ...
town ("parish") and seaport, Tendring district,administrative and historic county of Essex, England. It occupies the tip of a small peninsula projecting into the estuary of the Rivers Stow and Orwell.
state in north-central India. It is bounded on the northwest by the state of Punjab and the union territory of Chandigarh, on the north and northeast by the state of Himachal Pradesh, on the east by the state of Uttar ...
most northerly mountain range in Germany, between the Weser and Elbe rivers, occupying parts of the German Lander (states) of Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. At its greatest length it extends southeasterly and northwesterly for 60 miles (100 km), and its ...
city, Saxony-Anhalt Land (state), central Germany. It lies on the well-forested highland of the Lower Harz Mountains, at an elevation of 1,250 feet (380 m) above sea level. Harzgerode constitutes one of the oldest market centres in central Germany; the ...
oasis and region in eastern Saudi Arabia. Al-Hasa oasis, the largest oasis in Saudi Arabia, lies about 40 miles (65 km) west of the Persian Gulf. It has about 30,000 acres (12,000 hectares) of palm groves and other crops that ...
a grandson of the Prophet Muhammad (the founder of Islam), the elder son of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah. He belongs to the group of the five most holy persons of Shi'ah, those over whom Muhammad spread his cloak while calling them ...
