Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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harbour seal ... Haribhadra

harbour seal: (Phoca vitulina), nonmigratory, earless seal (family Phocidae) found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The harbour seal is whitish or grayish at birth and as an adult is generally gray with black spots. The adult male may attain a length and weight ...
harbours and sea works: any part of a body of water and the manmade structures surrounding it that sufficiently shelters a vessel from wind, waves, and currents, enabling safe anchorage or the discharge and loading of cargo and passengers.
Harcourt, Henri de Lorraine, Count de: French general who distinguished himself against the Spanish and in the civil wars of the Fronde (1648-53), which began as an uprising of the members of the Parlement of Paris against royal absolutism.
Harcourt, Sir William: British lawyer, journalist, politician, and cabinet member in five British Liberal governments, who in 1894 achieved a major reform in death duties, or estate taxation.
hard water: water that contains salts of calcium and magnesium principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates. Ferrous iron may also be present; oxidized to the ferric form, it appears as a reddish brown stain on washed fabrics and enameled surfaces. Water hardness ...
hard-boiled fiction: a tough, unsentimental style of American crime writing that brought a new tone of earthy realism or naturalism to the field of detective fiction. Hard-boiled fiction used graphic sex and violence, vivid but often sordid urban backgrounds, and fast-paced, slangy ...
Hardanger Fjord: inlet, Hordaland fylke (county), southwestern Norway. The country's second largest fjord and one of the most scenic, it extends inland northeastward for 70 miles (113 km) from Stord Island, at its entrance in the North Sea, to the Hardanger Plateau ...
Hardanger Plateau: plateau in Hordaland and Buskerud fylker (counties), southwestern Norway. The largest peneplain (an eroded, almost level plain) in Europe, it has an area of about 2,500 square miles (6,500 square km) and an average elevation of 3,500 feet (1,100 m). ...
Hardecanute: also spelled Hardicanute, or Harthacnut, Danish Hardeknud king of Denmark from 1028 to 1042 and of England from 1040 to 1042.
Hardee, William J: Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-65) who wrote a popular infantry manual used by both the North and the South.
Harden, Maximilian Felix Ernst: political journalist, a spokesman for extreme German nationalism before and during World War I and a radical socialist after Germany's defeat.
Harden, Sir Arthur: English biochemist and corecipient, with Hans von Euler-Chelpin, of the 1929 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for work on the fermentation of sugar and the enzyme action involved.
Hardenberg, Karl August, Furst von: Prussian statesman and administrator, who preserved the integrity of the Prussian state during the Napoleonic Wars. Domestically he was able to continue the reforms introduced by Karl, Freiherr vom Stein; in foreign affairs he exchanged Prussia's alliance with France for ...
Harderwijk: gemeente (commune), in the Veluwe (wooded heath) district of Gelderland provincie, The Netherlands. Chartered in 1231, Harderwijk was an important port on the former Zuiderzee and was a member of the Hanseatic League. It now lies opposite Flevoland, Oost, one ...
Hardey, Mother Mary Aloysia: American religious leader who expanded the presence of the Society of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic educational order, in the United States.
Hardie, J Keir: British labour leader, first to represent the workingman in Parliament as an Independent (1892) and first to lead the Labour Party in the House of Commons (1906). A dedicated socialist, he was also an outspoken pacifist (from the time of ...
Hardin, John Wesley: most notorious killer and quick-draw gunman of the Texas frontier. He killed at least 21 men in gun duels and ambushes in the period 1868-77.
Harding, Chester: American painter of Romantic portraits of prominent American and English figures from the early 19th century.
Harding, Florence: American first lady (1921-23), the wife of Warren G. Harding, 29th president of the United States. Energetic, strong-willed, and popular, she was an important influence on her husband's business and political careers.
Harding, John, Baron Harding of Petherton: British army officer, noted as the leader of the North African "Desert Rats" in World War II.
Harding, Saint Stephen: third abbot of Citeaux (Latin: Cistercium) and a founder of the Cistercian Order.
Harding, Warren G.: 29th president of the United States (1921-23). Pledging a nostalgic "return to normalcy" following World War I, Harding won the presidency by the greatest popular vote margin to that time. He died during his third year in office and was ...
Hardinge, Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron: British diplomat and viceroy of India who improved British relations in India and was instrumental in securing India's support for Great Britain in World War I.
Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount: British soldier and statesman who was governor-general of India in 1844-48.
hardness tester: device that indicates the hardness of a material, usually by measuring the effect on its surface of a localized penetration by a standardized rounded or pointed indenter of diamond, carbide, or hard steel.
Hardoi: city, central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies northwest of Lucknow on the Northern Railway, at a major road junction. Hardoi is a market for grain and other crops. The city's industries include sugar milling, processing of potassium nitrate, ...
Hardouin, Jean: French Jesuit scholar who edited numerous secular and ecclesiastical works, most notably the texts of the councils of the Christian church.
Hardwick, Elizabeth: American novelist, short-story writer, and essayist known for her eloquent literary and social criticism.
Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, 1st earl of, Viscount Royston: English lord chancellor, whose grasp of legal principle and study of the historical foundations of equity, combined with his knowledge of Roman civil law, enabled him to establish the principles and limits of the English system of equity.
Hardy, Alexandre: playwright, the first Frenchman known to have made his living as a dramatist, who claimed authorship of some 600 plays.
Hardy, Godfrey Harold: leading English pure mathematician whose work was mainly in analysis and number theory.
Hardy, Thomas: English novelist and poet who set much of his work in Wessex, an imaginary county in southwestern England.
Hardy-Weinberg law: an algebraic equation that describes the genetic equilibrium within a population. It was discovered independently in 1908 by Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician, and Godfrey Harold Hardy, a British mathematician.
hare: any of about 30 species of mammals related to rabbits and belonging to the same family (Leporidae). In general, hares have longer ears and longer hind feet than rabbits. While the tail is relatively short, it is longer than that ...
Hare Krishna: popular name of a semimonastic Vaishnava Hindu organization founded in the United States in 1965 by A.C. Bhaktivedanta (Swami Prabhupada; 1896-1977). This movement is a Western outgrowth of the popular Bengali bhakti (devotional) yoga tradition, or Krishna Consciousness, which began ...
hare's-tail grass: (species Lagurus ovatus), annual grass of the family Poaceae, native to shores of the Mediterranean region, naturalized in Australia, and cultivated as an ornamental in North America. The oval flower cluster is soft, hairy, and long-lasting. Grayish green hare's-tail grass, ...
Hare, Sir David: British playwright and director, noted for his deftly crafted satires examining British society in the post-World War II era.
Hare, Sir John: actor-manager of London's Garrick Theatre from 1889 to 1895 and recognized as the greatest character actor of his day, excelling in old men's parts.
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act: (1933), the first law setting a specific date for Philippine independence from the United States. It was passed by Congress as a result of pressure from two sources: American farmers, who, during the Great Depression, feared competition from Filipino sugar ...
harebell: widespread, slender-stemmed perennial of the family Campanulaceae. The harebell bears nodding blue bell-like flowers. It is native to woods, meadows, and cliffsides of northern Eurasia and North America and of mountains farther south. There are more than 30 named wild ...
harem: in Muslim countries, the part of a house set apart for the women of the family. The word harimi is used collectively to refer to the women themselves. Zanana (from the Persian word
Harer: city, eastern Ethiopia, in the Ch'erch'er Mountains, at an elevation of 6,000 feet (1,800 metres). Probably founded in the 7th century AD by immigrants from Hadramawt in southern Arabia, Harer became the capital of the Muslim state of Adal. Conflict ...
Harford: county, northeastern Maryland, U.S., bounded by Pennsylvania to the north, the Susquehanna River to the east, Chesapeake Bay to the south and southeast, and the Gunpowder River to the southwest. The county is bracketed in the west by portions of ...
Hargeysa: town, northwestern Somalia. It is located in an enclosed valley of the Galgodon (Ogo) highlands, at an elevation of 4,377 feet (1,334 metres). During the Somalian civil war that began in the 1980s, the town was severely damaged; much of ...
Harghita: judet (county), north-central Romania, with an area of 2,552 square miles (6,610 square km). It is dominated by the Eastern Carpathian mountain ranges of Baraolt, Gurghiu, and the volcanic Harghita. Settlement areas lie in intermontane valleys, including the Ciuc and ...
Hargobind: sixth Sikh Guru, who developed a strong Sikh army and gave the Sikh religion its military character, in accord with the instructions of his father, Guru Arjun, the first Sikh martyr and victim of the ruling Mughals (1606).
Hargrave, Lawrence: Australian aeronautical pioneer best known for his invention of the box kite. He also made important studies of wing surfaces and worked with rotary engines and gliders.
Hargreaves, James: English inventor of the spinning jenny, the first practical application of multiple spinning by a machine. At the time he devised the machine, he was a poor, uneducated spinner and weaver living at Standhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire.
Hargreaves, Roger: British cartoonist who created whimsical characters best known in the popular "Mr. Men" series of books for children.
Hari Krishen: eighth Sikh Guru who, although he was installed at five years of age and reigned for only three years, was apparently possessed of vast wisdom and who amazed visiting Brahmans by his great knowledge of the Hindu scripture Bhagavadgita. Many ...
Haribhadra: noncanonical author of treatises on the Indian religion Jainism, known for his authoritative works in Sanskrit and Prakrit on Jain doctrine and ethics. Scholars are still uncertain of the extent to which he should be differentiated from a 6th-century Jain ...