major figure in Italian idealist philosophy, politician, educator, and editor, sometimes called the "philosopher of Fascism." His "actual idealism" shows the strong influence of G.W.F. Hegel.
Italian painter, daughter of Orazio Gentileschi, who was a major follower of the revolutionary Baroque painter Caravaggio. She was an important second-generation proponent of Caravaggio's dramatic realism.
Italian Baroque painter, one of the more important painters who came under the influence of Caravaggio and who was one of the more successful interpreters of his style.
Italian jurist considered by many to be the founder of the science of international law and said to have been the first in western Europe to separate secular law from Roman Catholic theology and canon law.
(1731-1914), long-popular English periodical that gave the name "magazine" to its genre. It was the first general periodical in England, founded by Edward Cave in 1731. It originated as a storehouse, or magazine, of essays and articles culled from other ...
(1907), U.S.-Japanese understanding, in which Japan agreed not to issue passports to emigrants to the United States, except to certain categories of business and professional men. In return, President Theodore Roosevelt agreed to urge the city of San Francisco to ...
northern residential suburb of Copenhagen, Den. It maintains itself as a separate municipality (Kobenhavn amtskommune [county commune]), although it is now indistinguishable from the surrounding suburbs. It is the site of a horse-trotting course and the renowned Tuborg breweries. Most ...
(1785) edict issued by the Russian empress Catherine II the Great that recognized the corps of nobles in each province as a legal corporate body and stated the rights and privileges bestowed upon its members. The charter accorded to the ...
German political journalist, famous for his writings against the principles of the French Revolution and Napoleon and as a confidential adviser of Metternich. Though a commoner, he sometimes affected the von of nobility, having received a Swedish knighthood in 1804.
biological classification ranking between family and species, consisting of structurally or phylogenetically related species or an isolated species exhibiting unusual differentiation (monotypic genus). Thus the species of roses collectively form the genus Rosa, and the species of ...
French law professor who originated the libre recherche scientifique ("free scientific research") movement in jurisprudence. His advocacy of this principle liberalized the interpretation of codified law in France and helped to increase popular confidence in the judiciary. ...
any theory of the structure of the solar system (or the universe) in which Earth is assumed to be at the centre of all. The most highly developed geocentric system was that of Ptolemy of Alexandria (2nd century AD). It ...
developmental path followed by individual elements or groups of elements in the crustal and subcrustal zones of the Earth and on its surface. The concept of a geochemical cycle encompasses geochemical differentiation (i.e., the natural separation and concentration of elements ...
field of scientific investigation concerned with determining the age and history of the Earth's rocks and rock assemblages. Such time determinations are made and the record of past geologic events is deciphered by studying the distribution and succession of rock ...
hollow mineral body found in limestones and some shales. The common form is a slightly flattened globe ranging in diameter from 2.5 to more than 30 cm (1 to 12 inches) and containing a chalcedony layer surrounding an inner lining ...
spherical form in which lightweight triangular or polygonal facets consisting of either skeletal struts or flat planes, largely in tension, replace the arch principle and distribute stresses within the structure itself. It was developed in the 20th century by American ...
scientific discipline concerned with the precise figure of the Earth and its determination and significance. Until the advent of satellites, all geodesic work was based on land surveys made by triangulation methods employing a geodesic coordinate system (one used to ...
(species Panopea generosa), marine invertebrate of the class Bivalvia (phylum Mollusca) that inhabits the sandy muds of the intertidal and shallow sublittoral zones of the Pacific coast of North America from southern Alaska to Baja California. The geoduck is the ...
count of Anjou (1040-60), whose territorial ambitions, though making him troublesome to his father, Fulk III Nerra, resulted in the further expansion of Angevin lands after his father's death. (Geoffrey's byname, Martel, means "the Hammer.")
count of Anjou (1131-51), Maine, and Touraine and ancestor of the Plantagenet kings of England through his marriage, in June 1128, to Matilda (q.v.), daughter of Henry I of England. On Henry's death (1135), Geoffrey claimed the duchy of Normandy; ...
medieval English chronicler and bishop of St. Asaph (1152), whose major work, the Historia regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), brought the figure of Arthur into European literature.
French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition," postulating a single consistent structural plan basic to all animals as a major tenet of comparative anatomy, and who founded teratology, the study of animal malformation.
South American cat of the family Felidae, found in mountainous regions, especially in Argentina. It is gray or brown with black markings and grows to a length of about 90 cm (36 inches), including a tail of about 40 cm ...
interdepartmental agency of the U.S. government created in 1890 and providing standardized geographic names of foreign and domestic places for use by the federal government. It was established in its present form by a public law enacted in 1947. Located ...
major French work on regional geography of the entire world. It consists of 15 volumes in 23 parts. The work is known for its vivid characterization and description of each region.
(from Greek geo, "earth," graphein, "to write"), the scientific study of the Earth's surface. Geography describes and analyzes the spatial variations in physical, biological, and human phenomena that occur on the surface of the globe and treats their interrelationships and ...
model of the figure of the Earth-i.e., of the planet's size and shape-that coincides with mean sea level over the oceans and continues in continental areas as an imaginary sea-level surface defined by spirit level. It serves as a reference ...
the extensive interval of time occupied by the Earth's geologic history. It extends from about 3.9 billion years ago (corresponding to the age of the oldest known rocks) to the present day. It is, in effect, that segment of Earth ...
scientific study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and history. The term geology is broadly inclusive and is often regarded as embracing all of the geologic sciences.
magnetic field associated with the Earth. It primarily is dipolar (i.e., it has two poles, these being the north and south magnetic poles) on the Earth's surface. Away from the surface the dipole becomes distorted.
branch of geophysics concerned with all aspects of the Earth's magnetic field, including its origin, variation through time, and manifestations in the form of magnetic poles, the remanent magnetization of rocks, and local or regional magnetic anomalies. The latter reflect ...
Byzantine poet, official, and bishop, known for his short poems in classical metre. Geometres held the post of protospatharios (commander of the guards) at the Byzantine court and later was ordained priest, finally becoming metropolitan of Melitene in eastern Asia ...
style of ancient Greek art, primarily of vase painting, that began about 900 BC and represents the last purely Mycenaean-Greek art form that originated before the influx of foreign inspiration by about 800 BC. Athens was its centre, and the ...
any member of the large, cosmopolitan moth family Geometridae (order Lepidoptera), which includes the species commonly known as pug, wave, emerald, and carpet moths. The larvae of geometrid moths are called by a variety of common names-inchworm, cankerworm, looper, and ...
the branch of mathematics concerned with the shape of individual objects, spatial relationships among various objects, and the properties of surrounding space. It is one of the oldest branches of mathematics, having arisen in response to such practical problems as ...
class of citizens in ancient Greek society. In 7th-century-BC Attic society, geomoroi were freemen, generally peasant farm holders, lower on the social and political scale than the eupatridae, the aristocracy, but above the demiourgoi, the artisans. The geomoroi were ineligible ...
theory of the evolution of landforms. In this theory, first set forth by William M. Davis between 1884 and 1934, landforms were assumed to change through time from "youth" to "maturity" to "old age," each stage having specific characteristics. The ...
trade name for an acoustic detector that responds to ground vibrations generated by seismic waves. Geophones-also called jugs, pickups, and tortugas-are placed on the ground surface in various patterns, or arrays, to record the vibrations generated by explosives in seismic ...
the analysis of geographic influences on power relationships in international politics. Geopolitical theorists have sought to demonstrate the importance in the determination of national policy of such considerations as the acquisition of natural boundaries, access to important sea routes, and ...
town, Western Cape province, South Africa. The town lies distantly east of Cape Town and immediately inland from the Indian Ocean. It was founded in 1811 as the first British settlement in the Cape Colony and named after King George ...
king of Bohemia from 1458. As head of the conservative Utraquist faction of Hussite Protestants, he established himself as a power when Bohemia was still under Habsburg rule, and he was thereafter unanimously elected king by the estates. A nationalist ...
