Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Fontainebleau ... Forberg, Friedrich Karl

Fontainebleau: town, northern France, in the Seine-et-Marne departement, Ile-de-France region, 40 mi (65 km) south-southeast of Paris by road, situated in the forest of Fontainebleau, 2 mi from the left bank of the Seine. The famous chateau, southeast of the town, ...
Fontainebleau, school of: the vast number of artists, both foreign and French, whose works are associated with the court of Francis I at Fontainebleau during the last two-thirds of the 16th century. There is both a first and a second school of Fontainebleau. ...
Fontana: city, San Bernardino county, southwestern California, U.S. Lying just west of the city of San Bernardino, the site was once part of the Rancho San Bernardino land grant (1813). The community, then known as Rosena, was developed in 1903 after ...
Fontana, Carlo: Italian architect, engineer, and publisher whose prolific studio produced widely imitated designs for fountains, palaces, tombs, and altars, as well as the curved facade on the S. Marcello al Corso (1682-83). His many international students included M.D. Poppelmann of Germany, ...
Fontana, Domenico: Italian architect who worked on St. Peter's Basilica and other famous buildings of Rome and Naples.
Fontana, Lavinia: Italian painter of the Mannerist school, one of the first women to execute large, publicly commissioned figure paintings.
Fontane, Theodor: writer who is considered the first master of modern Realistic fiction in Germany.
fontanel: soft spot in the skull of an infant, covered with tough, fibrous membrane. There are six such spots at the junctions of the cranial bones; they allow for molding of the fetal head during passage through the birth canal. Those ...
Fontanes, Louis, marquis de: French man of letters who represented Catholic and conservative opinion during the First Empire and was appointed grand master of the University of Paris by Napoleon.
Fontechevade: a cave site in southwestern France known for the 1947 discovery of ancient human remains and tools probably dating to between 200,000 and 120,000 years ago. The fossils consist of two skull fragments.
Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier, sieur de: (sire of) French scientist and man of letters, described by Voltaire as the most universal mind produced by the era of Louis XIV. Many of the characteristic ideas of the Enlightenment are found in embryonic form in his works.
Fontenoy, Battle of: (May 11, 1745), confrontation that led to the French conquest of Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession. It was the most famous victory of the French marshal Maurice, Count de Saxe.
Fontevrault-l'Abbaye: village near Saumur, Maine-et-Loire departement, Pays de la Loire region, France. It lies near the confluence of the Vienne and Loire rivers and is surrounded by fields and woods.
Fonteyn, Dame Margot: original name Margaret Hookham, married name Dame Margot Fonteyn De Arias outstanding ballerina of the English stage.
Fontina: semihard cow's-milk cheese that originated in the Valle d'Aosta region of northern Italy. Made in wheels 13 to 15 inches (33 to 38 cm) in diameter and 3 to 4 inches (about 8 to 10 cm) thick, Fontina has a ...
Fonvizin, Denis Ivanovich: playwright who satirized the cultural pretensions and privileged coarseness of the nobility; he is considered his nation's foremost 18th-century dramatist.
food: material consisting essentially of protein, carbohydrate, and fat used in the body of an organism to sustain growth, repair, and vital processes and to furnish energy.
food additive: any of various chemical substances added to foods to produce specific desirable effects. Additives such as salt, spices, and sulfites have been used since ancient times to preserve foods and make them more palatable. With the increased processing of foods ...
Food and Agriculture Organization: oldest permanent specialized agency of the United Nations, established in October 1945 with the objective of eliminating hunger and improving nutrition and standards of living by increasing agricultural productivity.
Food and Drug Administration: agency of the U.S. federal government authorized by Congress to inspect, test, approve, and set safety standards for foods and food additives, drugs, chemicals, cosmetics, and household and medical devices. First known as the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration when ...
food chain: in ecology, the sequence of transfers of matter and energy from organism to organism in the form of food. Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, ...
food colouring: any of numerous dyes, pigments, or other additives used to enhance the appearance of fresh and processed foods. Colouring ingredients include natural colours, derived primarily from vegetable sources and sometimes called vegetable dyes; inorganic pigments; combinations of organic and metallic ...
food poisoning: acute gastrointestinal illness resulting from the consumption of foods containing one or more representatives of three main groups of harmful agents: natural poisons present in certain plants and animals, chemical poisons, and microorganisms (mainly bacteria) and their toxic secretions.
food preservation: any of a number of methods by which food is kept from spoilage after harvest or slaughter. Such practices date to prehistoric times. Among the oldest methods of preservation are drying, refrigeration, and fermentation. Modern methods include canning, pasteurization, freezing, ...
food processing: any of a variety of operations by which raw foodstuffs are made suitable for consumption, cooking, or storage.
food processor: electric appliance developed in the late 20th century, used for a variety of food-preparation functions including kneading, chopping, blending, and pulverizing.
fool: a comic entertainer whose madness or imbecility, real or pretended, made him a source of amusement and gave him license to abuse and poke fun at even the most exalted of his patrons. Professional fools flourished from the days of ...
fool's literature: allegorical satires popular throughout Europe from the 15th to the 17th century, featuring the fool (q.v.), or jester, who represented the weaknesses, vices, and grotesqueries of contemporary society. The first outstanding example of fool's literature was Das Narrenschiff (1494; "The ...
Fools, Feast of: popular festival during the Middle Ages, held on or about January 1, particularly in France, in which a mock bishop or pope was elected, ecclesiastical ritual was parodied, and low and high officials changed places. Such festivals were probably a ...
foot: in verse, the smallest metrical unit of measurement. The prevailing kind and number of feet, revealed by scansion, determines the metre of a poem. In classical (or quantitative) verse, a foot, or metron, is a combination of two or more ...
foot: in anatomy, terminal part of the leg of a land vertebrate, on which the creature stands. In most two-footed and many four-footed animals it consists of all structures below the ankle joint: heel, arch, digits, and contained bones such as ...
foot: in measurement, any of numerous ancient, medieval, and modern linear measures (commonly 25 to 34 cm) based on the length of the human foot and used exclusively in English-speaking countries, where it generally consists of 12 inches or one-third yard. ...
Foot, Hugh: British diplomat who led British colonies to their independence.
Foot, Michael: leader of Britain's Labour Party from November 1980 to October 1983, an intellectual left-wing socialist.
foot-and-mouth disease: a highly contagious viral disease affecting practically all cloven-footed domesticated mammals, including cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Wild herbivores such as bison, deer, antelopes, reindeer, giraffes, and llamas are also susceptible. The horse is resistant to the infection. FMD is ...
football: game in which two teams of 11 players, using any part of their bodies except their hands and arms, try to maneuver the ball into the opposing team's goal. Only the goalkeeper is permitted to handle the ball and may ...
football: any of a number of related games, all of which are characterized by two persons or teams attempting to kick, carry, throw, or otherwise propel a ball toward an opponent's goal. In some of these games, only kicking is allowed; ...
Football Association: ruling body for English football (soccer), founded in 1863. The FA controls every aspect of the organized game, both amateur and professional, and is responsible for national competitions, including the Challenge Cup series that culminates in the traditional Cup Final ...
Football League: English professional football (soccer) organization. The league was formed in 1888, largely through the efforts of William McGregor, known afterward as the "father of the league." Twelve of the strongest professional clubs of the time joined in the league, and ...
football, gridiron: version of the sport of football so named for the vertical yard lines marking the rectangular field. Gridiron football evolved from English rugby and soccer (association football); it differs from soccer chiefly in allowing players to touch, throw, and carry ...
Foote, Andrew: American naval officer especially noted for his service during the American Civil War.
Foote, Mary Anna Hallock: American novelist and illustrator whose vivid literary and artistic productions drew on life in the mining communities of the American West.
Foote, Robert Bruce: British geologist and archaeologist, often considered to be the founder of the study of the prehistory of India.
Foote, Samuel: English actor, wit, and playwright whose gift for mimicry, often directed at his peers, made him a figure of both fear and delight on the London stage.
Foote, Shelby: American historian, novelist, and short-story writer known for his works treating the United States Civil War and the American South.
footman moth: any of the insects belonging to the subfamily Lithosiinae of the tiger moth family Arctiidae (order Lepidoptera). The common name footman is probably derived from the stiff, elongate appearance of the adult moths, which usually align their narrow wings (span ...
Foppa, Vincenzo: Italian painter, leading figure in 15th-century Lombard art, and an artist of exceptional integrity and power.
forage: vegetable food of wild or domestic animals. In agriculture, harvested, processed, and stored forage is called silage (q.v.).
foraminiferan: any unicellular organism of the rhizopodan order Foraminiferida (formerly Foraminifera), characterized by long, fine pseudopodia that extend from a uninucleated or multinucleated cytoplasmic body encased within a test, or shell. Depending on the species, the test ranges in size from ...
Forbach: town, Moselle departement, Lorraine region, northeastern France, just southwest of Saarbrucken, Ger. The town, which has an important cokery and manufactures mining equipment, is at the edge of the Saar Coal Basin. Remains of the medieval castle of the counts ...
Forberg, Friedrich Karl: German philosopher and educator.