Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Engle, Robert F. ... Enright, D.J.

Engle, Robert F.: American economist, corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2003 for his development of methods for analyzing time series data with time-varying volatility. He shared the award with Clive W.J. Granger.
Englefield, Sir Francis: English Roman Catholic who was a personal friend and influential adviser to Queen Mary I and a vigorous opponent in exile of Queen Elizabeth I.
Engler, Adolf: German botanist famous for his system of plant classification and for his expertise as a plant geographer.
Englewood: city, Arapahoe county, north-central Colorado, U.S., on the South Platte River, immediately south of Denver. In 1858 a gold placer deposit, one of the first in Colorado, was discovered nearby. Englewood was formed from the settlement of Orchard Place in ...
Englewood: city, Bergen county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies across the Hudson River from the Bronx, New York City. Founded in 1647 as part of Hackensack, it was detached for urban development as the township of Englewood in 1871 and ...
Englische Komodianten: any of the troupes of English actors who toured the German-speaking states during the late 16th and the 17th centuries, exerting an important influence on the embryonic German drama and bringing with them many versions of popular Elizabethan and Jacobean ...
English Bazar: city, north-central West Bengal state, northeastern India, just west of the Mahananda River. The city was chosen as the site of the British East India Company's silk factories (trading stations) in 1676. The Dutch and French also had settlements there. ...
English billiards: game that is a type of billiards (q.v.).
English bond: form of bonding courses of stones or bricks in walling. See bond.
English Channel: narrow arm of the Atlantic Ocean separating the southern coast of England from the northern coast of France and tapering eastward to its junction with the North Sea at the Strait of Dover (French: Pas de Calais). With an area ...
English Civil Wars: the fighting that took place in the British Isles between Parliamentarians and supporters of the monarchy. It was precipitated by the Bishops' War (1639, 1640) with Scotland, to finance which King Charles I was forced to summon Parliament (1640) after ...
English Classics: in horse racing, five of the oldest and most important English horse races. They are the Derby, the Oaks, the One Thousand Guineas, the Saint Leger, and the Two Thousand Guineas (qq.v.).
English garden: type of garden that developed in 18th-century England, originating as a revolt against the architectural garden, which relied on rectilinear patterns, sculpture, and the unnatural shaping of trees. The revolutionary character of the English garden lay in the fact that, ...
English horn: orchestral woodwind instrument, a large oboe pitched a fifth below the ordinary oboe, with a bulbous bell and, at the top end, a bent metal crook on which the double reed is placed. It is pitched in F, being written ...
English language: West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that is closely related to Frisian, German, and Netherlandic languages. English originated in England and is now widely spoken on six continents. It is the primary language of the United States, the ...
English literature: the body of written works produced in the English language by inhabitants of the British Isles (including Ireland) from the 7th century to the present day. The major literatures written in English outside the British Isles are treated separately under ...
English National Ballet: British dance troupe. Organized in 1950 by Alicia Markova and Anton Dolin with a corps de ballet drawn chiefly from the Cone-Ripman School in London and at Tring, Hertford, the troupe performs at locations throughout Great Britain and conducts world ...
English oak: (Quercus robur), ornamental and timber tree of the beech family (Fagaceae) that is native to Eurasia but also cultivated in North America and Australia. The tree has a short, stout trunk with wide-spreading branches and may grow to a height ...
English school: dominant school of painting in England throughout the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th. Its establishment marked the rise of a national tradition that began with the emergence of native artists whose works ...
English toy spaniel: breed of dog known in Britain since Tudor times but that apparently originated in ancient Japan or China. It was favoured by Mary, Queen of Scots, King Charles II (after whom it was named the King Charles spaniel), and Queen ...
English yew: (all three are lumber trade names), an ornamental evergreen tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), widely distributed throughout Europe and Asia as far east as the Himalayas. Some botanists consider the Himalayan form to be a separate species, called Himalayan ...
englyn: a group of strict Welsh poetic metres. The most popular form is the englyn unodl union ("direct monorhyme englyn"), which is a combination of a cywydd, a type of rhyming couplet, and another form and is written in an intricate ...
engraved glass: glassware decorated with finely carved, three-dimensional patterns or pictures. The most common engraving technique involves incising a design into glass with a rapidly spinning copper wheel fed with abrasives. Other techniques include diamond scribing and stipple engraving; the former produces ...
engraving: technique of making prints from metal plates into which a design has been incised with a cutting tool called a burin. Modern examples are almost invariably made from copperplates; hence, the process is also called copperplate engraving. Another term for ...
enharmonic: in the system of equal temperament tuning used on keyboard instruments, two tones or intervals that sound the same but are notated differently-for example, c♯ and d♭ (enharmonic tones) or c-f♯ and c-g♭ (enharmonic intervals). The different notations indicate the ...
Eni: an Italian energy company operating primarily in petroleum, natural gas, and petrochemicals. Established in 1953, it was by the late 1990s one of Europe's largest oil companies in terms of sales. Eni has operations in more than 70 countries. Its ...
Enid: city, seat (1907) of Garfield county, north-central Oklahoma, U.S. Located at a watering place on the Chisholm Trail and reached by the Rock Island Railroad in 1889, it was founded overnight as a tent city around a U.S. land office ...
Enigma: device used by the German military command to encode strategic messages before and during World War II. The Enigma code was first broken by the Poles, under the leadership of mathematician Marian Rejewski, in the early 1930s. In 1939, with ...
enjambment: in prosody, the continuation of the sense of a phrase beyond the end of a line of verse. T.S. Eliot used enjambment in the opening lines of his poem The Waste Land:April is the cruelest month, breedingLilacs out of the ...
Enke, Karin: German figure skater turned speed skater who won eight Olympic medals, including three gold. Enke's switch from figure skating to speed skating was relatively easy, and she proved to be a natural speed skater.
Enkhuizen: gemeente (commune), Nordholland provincie, northwestern Netherlands, on the IJsselmeer (Lake IJssel). Chartered in 1355, the town gained importance during the 16th and 17th centuries as a fishing and shipping centre for herring, although the herring-fishing industry later declined with the ...
enlarger: in photography, device for producing a photographic print or negative larger than the original negative or transparency. The enlarger consists of a projection system, or head assembly, mounted on a horizontal base. The head assembly includes an enclosed light source, ...
Enlightenment: a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to ...
Enlil: Mesopotamian god of the atmosphere and a member of the triad of gods completed by Anu (Sumerian: An) and Ea (Enki). Enlil meant Lord Wind: both the hurricane and the gentle winds of spring were thought of as the breath ...
Enmebaragesi: king of Kish, in northern Babylonia, and the first historical personality of Mesopotamia.
Enmerkar: ancient Sumerian hero and king of Uruk (Erech), a city-state in southern Mesopotamia, who is thought to have lived at the end of the 4th or beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. Along with Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh, Enmerkar is one ...
Enna: city, capital of Enna provincia (province), central Sicily, Italy, on a plateau dominating the valley of the Dittaino, northeast of Caltanissetta. A city of the Siculi, an ancient Sicilian tribe, and a centre of the pre-Hellenic cult ...
Ennedi: plateau region, northeastern Chad, central Africa, centred around the town of Fada. The terrain is primarily arid desert, with sandstone peaks rising to 4,756 ft (1,450 m). Wild game is abundant. The region has a sparse population of semi-nomads, chiefly ...
Ennin: Buddhist priest of the early Heian period, founder of the Sammon branch of the Tendai sect, who brought from China a system of vocal-music notation still used in Japan.
Ennis: county town (seat) of County Clare, Ireland, on the River Fergus. Incorporated in 1612, it is now controlled by an urban district council. A Franciscan abbey, founded about 1242, is a national monument. Ennis, on the main Limerick-Galway road, is ...
Enniskillen: town and seat, Fermanagh district (established 1973), formerly in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. Situated on Cethlin's Island, it was a strategic crossing point of Lough Erne and an ancient stronghold of the Maguires of Fermanagh. Incorporated by the English king ...
Ennius, Quintus: epic poet, dramatist, and satirist, the most influential of the early Latin poets, rightly called the founder of Roman literature. His epic Annales, a narrative poem telling the story of Rome from the wanderings of Aeneas to the poet's own ...
Ennodius, Magnus Felix: Latin poet, prose writer, rhetorician, and bishop, some of whose prose works are valuable sources for historians of his period.
Enns: town, Bundesland Oberosterreich (federal province of Upper Austria), northeast central Austria, on the Enns River near its junction with the Danube, southeast of Linz. Its suburb of Lorch (incorporated into Enns in 1938) is on the site of the Roman ...
Eno, Brian: British producer, composer, keyboardist, and singer who helped define and reinvent the sound of some of the most popular bands of the 1980s and '90s and who created the genre of ambient music.
Enoch, First Book of: pseudepigraphal work (not included in any canon of scripture) whose only complete extant version is an Ethiopic translation of a previous Greek translation made in Palestine from the original Hebrew or Aramaic.
Enoch, Second Book of: pseudepigraphal work whose only extant version is a Slavonic translation of the Greek original. The Slavonic edition is a Christian work, probably of the 7th century Ad, but it rests upon an older Jewish work written sometime in the 1st ...
Enomoto Takeaki: Japanese naval officer and statesman who was the last supporter of the Tokugawa family-which ruled Japan for 264 years-to capitulate to the forces that favoured the restoration of power to the emperor.
Enquist, Per-Olov: Swedish writer and social critic of the 1960s.
Enrage: any of a group of extreme revolutionaries in France in 1793, led by a former priest, Jacques Roux, and Varlet, a postal official, who advocated social and economic measures in favour of the lower classes.
Enright, D.J.: British poet, novelist, and teacher.