Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Cambridge Agreement ... Camilla

Cambridge Agreement: (Aug. 26, 1629), pledge made in Cambridge, Eng., by English Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company to emigrate to New England if the government of the colony could be transferred there. The company agreed to their terms, including transferral ...
Cambridge critics: group of critics who were a major influence in English literary studies from the mid-1920s and who established an intellectually rigorous school of critical standards in the field of literature. The leaders were I.A. Richards and F.R. Leavis of the ...
Cambridge Platform: basic document of New England Congregationalism, prepared in Cambridge, Mass. (U.S.), in 1648. It provided for all the details of church government, including the principle that was basic to Congregationalism, the autonomy of the local congregation. In doctrinal matters, the ...
Cambridge Platonists: group of 17th-century English philosophic and religious thinkers who hoped to reconcile Christian ethics with Renaissance humanism, religion with the new science, and faith with rationality. Their leader was Benjamin Whichcote, who expounded in his sermons the Christian humanism that ...
Cambridge, Adolphus Frederick, 1st Duke of: British field marshal, seventh son of King George III.
Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, 2nd Duke of: conservative field marshal and commander in chief of the British army for 39 years. He was the only son of Adolphus Frederick, the youngest son of King George III.
Cambridge, Richard Owen: English poet and essayist and author of the Scribleriad.
Cambridge, University of: English autonomous institution of higher learning at Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng., on the River Cam 50 miles (80 km) north of London.
Cambridgeshire: administrative, geographic, and historic county of eastern England. The administrative county covers a much larger area than the ancient shire, or historic county. Formed in 1974, the administrative county incorporates almost all of the historic county of Cambridgeshire and most ...
Cambyses I: ruler of Anshan c. 600-559 BC. Cambyses was the son of Cyrus I and succeeded his father in Anshan (northwest of Susa in Elam) as a vassal of King Astyages of Media. According to the 5th-century-BC Greek historian Herodotus, Cambyses ...
Cambyses II: Achaemenid king of Persia (reigned 529-522 BC), who conquered Egypt in 525; he was the eldest son of King Cyrus II the Great by Cassandane, daughter of a fellow Achaemenid. During his father's lifetime Cambyses was in charge of Babylonian ...
Camden: inner borough of London, part of the historic county of Middlesex, to the north of Westminster and the historic City of London. It extends some 5 miles (8 km) from below High Holborn (road) to the northern heights of Hampstead ...
Camden: city, seat (1791) of Kershaw county, in north-central South Carolina, U.S. It was founded by English settlers along the Wateree River about 1733 and was originally known as Pine Tree Hill. It changed its name in 1768 to honour Charles ...
Camden: city, seat (1844) of Camden county, New Jersey, U.S., on the Delaware River, there bridged to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1681, the year before Philadelphia was founded, William Cooper built a home near the Cooper River where it enters the Delaware ...
Camden: town, eastern New South Wales, Australia, on the Nepean section of the Hawkesbury River, in the Southern Highlands. The locality, originally known as Cowpastures, was renamed Camden Park in 1805, after the 2nd earl Camden, secretary of state for the ...
Camden: city, seat (1843) of Ouachita county, southern Arkansas, U.S., 100 miles (160 km) south-southwest of Little Rock, on a pine-covered bluff overlooking the Ouachita River. Settled in 1783, it was first known as Ecore a Fabre (for a French pioneer). ...
Camden: county, southwestern New Jersey, U.S., bordered to the west by Pennsylvania, the Delaware River constituting the boundary. It comprises a lowland region drained by the Mullica and Great Egg Harbor rivers. The primary forest species are oak and hickory.
Camden Town Group: group of English Post-Impressionist artists who met on a weekly basis in the studio of the painter Walter Sickert in Camden Town (an area of London).
Camden, Battle of: (August 16, 1780), in the American Revolution, British victory in South Carolina, one of the most crushing defeats ever inflicted upon an American army.
Camden, Charles Pratt, 1st Earl, Viscount Bayham Of Bayham Abbey, Baron Camden Of Camden Place: English jurist who, as chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas (1761-66), refused to enforce general warrants (naming no particular person to be arrested). As lord chancellor of Great Britain (1766-70), he opposed the government's North American colonial policy ...
Camden, John Jeffreys Pratt, 1st Marquess, 2nd Earl Camden, Earl Of The County Of Brecknock, Viscount Bayham Of Bayham Abbey, Baron Camden Of Camden Place: lord lieutenant (viceroy) of Ireland from 1795 to 1798, when his repressive actions touched off a major rebellion against British rule.
Camden, William: English antiquary, a pioneer of historical method, and author of Britannia, the first comprehensive topographical survey of England.
camel: either of two species of large ruminating hoofed mammals of arid Africa and Asia known for their ability to go for long periods without drinking. The Arabian camel, or dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), has one back hump; the ...
camel hair: animal fibre obtained from the camel and belonging to the group called specialty hair fibres. The most satisfactory textile fibre is gathered from camels of the Bactrian type. Such camels have protective outer coats of coarse fibre that may grow ...
camel racing: sport of running camels at speed, with a rider astride, over a predetermined course. The sport is generally limited to running the dromedary-whose name is derived from the Greek verb dramein, "to run"-rather than the Bactrian camel.
Camellia: genus of about 80 species of East Asian evergreen shrubs and trees, belonging to the tea family (Theaceae), most notable for three ornamental flowering species and for C. sinensis (sometimes called Thea sinensis), the source of tea. The common camellia ...
Camelops: extinct genus of large camels that existed from the Late Pliocene epoch to the end of the Pleistocene epoch (between 3,400,000 and 10,000 years ago) in western North America from Mexico to Alaska. Camelops is unknown east of the Mississippi ...
Camelot: in Arthurian legend, the seat of King Arthur's court. It is variously identified with Caerleon, Monmouthshire, in Wales, and, in England, with the following: Queen Camel, Somerset; the little town of Camelford, Cornwall; Winchester, Hampshire; and Cadbury Castle, South Cadbury, ...
Camembert cheese: classic cow's-milk cheese of Normandy, named for a village in that region; its characteristic creamy, ivory-coloured interior and downy white surface, resembling that of Brie, result from the Penicillium camemberti mold with which the curd is treated. Camembert curd is ...
cameo: hard or precious stone carved in relief, or imitations of such stones in glass (called pastes) and mollusk shell. The cameo is usually a gem (commonly agate, onyx, or sardonyx) having two different coloured layers, with the figures carved in ...
cameo glass: glassware decorated with figures and forms of coloured glass carved in relief against a glass background of a contrasting colour. Such ware is produced by blowing two layers of glass together. When the glass has cooled, a rough outline of ...
camera: in photography, device for recording an image of an object on a light-sensitive surface; it is essentially a light-tight box with an aperture to admit light focused onto a sensitized film or plate.
camera lucida: (Latin: "light chamber"), optical instrument invented in 1807 by William Hyde Wollaston to facilitate accurate sketching of objects. It consists of a four-sided prism mounted on a small stand above a sheet of paper. By placing the eye close to ...
camera obscura: ancestor of the photographic camera. The Latin name means "dark chamber," and the earliest versions, dating to antiquity, consisted of small darkened rooms with light admitted through a single tiny hole. The result was that an inverted image of the ...
Camerarius, Joachim: German classical scholar and Lutheran theologian who mediated between Protestants and Catholics at the Reformation.
Camerarius, Rudolph Jacob: botanist who demonstrated the existence of sexes in plants.
Camerata: Florentine society of poets and musicians whose theories and musical experiments led in 1597 to the composition of the first opera, Dafne, by Jacopo Peri and the poet Ottavio Rinuccini. The Camerata fell into three groups, the earliest of which ...
Cameron: county, north-central Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a mountainous region on the Allegheny Plateau. The principal stream is Sinnemahoning Creek, which divides itself into the Bennett and Driftwood branches. Parklands include Elk State Forest and Sinnemahoning, Bucktail, and Sizerville state parks.
Cameron Highlands: resort area of west-central West Malaysia (Malaya), in the Main Range, about 80 miles (130 km) south of southernmost Thailand. It comprises a cool highland plateau (elevation 4,750 feet [1,448 metres]), developed by the British in the 1940s as a ...
Cameron, Duncan: fur trader who became involved in a rivalry with the Hudson's Bay Company over the settlement of the Red River region of western Canada.
Cameron, Julia Margaret: British photographer who is considered one of the greatest portrait photographers of the 19th century.
Cameron, Richard: Scottish Covenanter, founder of a religious sect called Cameronians.
Cameron, Simon: U.S. senator, secretary of war during the American Civil War, and a political boss of Pennsylvania. His son James Donald Cameron (1833-1918) succeeded him in the Senate and as a political power in his state.
Cameron, Sir Ewen: Scottish Highland chieftain, a strong supporter of the Stuart monarchs Charles II and James II of England. A man of enormous bulk, Lochiel became renowned for his feats of strength and ferocity in combat.
Cameron, Verney Lovett: British explorer, the first to cross equatorial Africa from sea to sea.
Cameronian: any of the Scottish Covenanters who followed Richard Cameron in adhering to the perpetual obligation of the two Scottish covenants of 1638 and 1643 as set out in the Queensferry Paper (1680), pledging maintenance of the chosen form of church ...
Cameroon: country lying at the junction of western and central Africa. Triangular in shape, it covers an area of 179,714 square miles (465,458 square kilometres) and is bordered by Nigeria to the northwest, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic ...
Cameroon, history of: history of the area from prehistoric and ancient times to the present.
Cameroon, Mount: volcanic massif of southwestern Cameroon, rising to a height of 13,435 feet (4,095 m) and extending 14 miles (23 km) inland from the Gulf of Guinea. It is the highest peak in sub-Saharan western and central Africa and the westernmost ...
Camiguin: mountainous island in the Bohol (Mindanao) Sea, 6 miles (10 km) off the northern coast of Mindanao, Philippines. The island is often considered the most beautiful of the Philippine archipelago. Located near Macajalar and Gingoog bays, Camiguin has an area ...
Camilla: in Roman mythology, legendary Volscian maiden who became a warrior and was a favourite of the goddess Diana. According to the Roman poet Virgil, her father, Metabus, was fleeing from his enemies with the infant Camilla when he encountered the ...