Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Calumet District ... Cambridge

Calumet District: heavily industrialized area, mostly in Lake county, northwestern Indiana, U.S. It lies along the southern shore of Lake Michigan, adjacent to southeastern Chicago. Following the establishment of steel plants in Gary at the start of the 20th century, the area ...
Calusa: extinct North American Indian tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida from Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys. According to some authorities their territory also extended inland as far as Lake ...
Calve, Emma: operatic soprano famed for her performances in the title role of Georges Bizet's Carmen.
Calvert: county, south-central Maryland, U.S., consisting of a tidewater peninsula lying between the Patuxent River to the west and south and Chesapeake Bay to the east. Calvert Cliffs State Park towers over the bay, exposing fossils from the Miocene Epoch that ...
Calvert, Leonard: first governor of Maryland colony.
Calvin, John: theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. He was the leading French Protestant Reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. His interpretation of Christianity, advanced above all in his Institutio Christianae religionis (1536 but elaborated in ...
Calvin, Melvin: American biochemist who received the 1961 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the chemical pathways of photosynthesis.
Calvinism: the theology advanced by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and its development by his followers. The term also refers to doctrines and practices derived from the works of Calvin and his followers that are characteristic of ...
Calvino, Italo: Italian journalist, short-story writer, and novelist, whose whimsical and imaginative fables made him one of the most important Italian fiction writers in the 20th century.
Calvo Doctrine: a body of international rules regulating the jurisdiction of governments over aliens and the scope of their protection by their home states, as well as the use of force in collecting indemnities.
Calvus, Gaius Licinius Macer: Roman poet and orator who, as a poet, followed his friend Catullus in style and choice of subjects.
Calyceraceae: family of small and economically unimportant dicotyledonous flowering plants containing six genera (Boopis, Calycera, Acicarpha, Acarpha, Gamocarpha, and Moschopsis) with 60 species distributed in Central and South America. One species (Acicarpha tribuloides) occurs as a roadside weed in Florida.
Calydon: ancient Aetolian town in Greece, located on the Euenus (Evinos) River about 6 miles (9.5 km) east of modern Mesolongion. According to tradition, the town was founded by Calydon, son of Aetolus; Meleager and other heroes hunted the Calydonian boar ...
Calymene: genus of trilobites (extinct arthropods) dating from the Ordovician Period (505 to 438 million years ago). Well known in the fossil record, Calymene remains have been found in which impressions or actual remains of appendages are preserved. Calymene and its ...
calypso: a type of folk song primarily from Trinidad though sung elsewhere in the southern and eastern Caribbean islands. The subject of a calypso text, usually witty and satiric, is a local and topical event of political and social import, and ...
Calypso: in Greek mythology, the daughter of the Titan Atlas (or Oceanus or Nereus), a nymph of the mythical island of Ogygia. She entertained the Greek hero Odysseus for seven years but could not overcome his longing for home even by ...
Calzabigi, Ranieri: Italian poet, librettist, and music theorist who exerted an important influence on Christoph Willibald Gluck's reforms in opera.
cam: machine component that either rotates or moves back and forth (reciprocates) to create a prescribed motion in a contacting element known as a follower. The shape of the contacting surface of the cam is determined by the prescribed motion and ...
Cam Ranh: city, south-central Vietnam. It is situated on a peninsula enclosing Cam Ranh Bay, an inlet of the South China Sea. Cam Lam (Ba Ngoi), on the western shore of the bay, was the area's major port and naval base during ...
Cam Ranh Bay: a two-part deepwater inlet on the South China Sea, south-central Vietnam. It is approximately 20 miles (32 km) long from north to south and up to 10 miles (16 km) wide. It has been called the finest deepwater shelter in ...
Camaguey: city, capital of Camaguey provincia, east-central Cuba. Founded in 1514 as Santa Maria de Puerto Principe, at the site of present-day Nuevitas, the city was moved inland in 1528 to the Indian village of Camaguey. The prosperity of the colonial ...
Camaguey: provincia, east-central Cuba, bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Ciego de Avila province, on the east by Las Tunas province, and on the south by the Caribbean Sea. It was established in 1879 as ...
camaieu: painting technique by which an image is executed either entirely in shades of a single colour or in several tints unnatural to the object, figure, or scene represented. When a picture is monochromatically rendered in gray, it is called grisaille; ...
Camaldolese: an independent offshoot of the Benedictine order, founded about 1012 at Camaldoli near Arezzo, Italy, by St. Romuald as part of the monastic-reform movement of the 11th and 12th centuries. The order combined the solitary life of the hermit with ...
Camar: widespread caste in northern India whose hereditary occupation is tanning leather; the name is derived from the Sanskrit word carmakara, or "skin worker." The more than 150 subcastes are characterized by well-organized panchayats (governing councils). Because their work obliged them ...
Camara, Helder Pessoa: Roman Catholic prelate whose progressive views on social questions brought him into frequent conflict with Brazil's military rulers after 1964. Camara was an early and important figure in the movement that came to be known as liberation theology in the ...
Camarasaurus: a group of dinosaurs that lived during the Late Jurassic Period (159 million to 144 million years ago), fossils of which are found in western North America; they are among the most commonly found of all sauropod remains.
Camargo Society: group credited with keeping ballet alive in England during the early 1930s. Named after Marie Camargo, the noted 18th-century ballerina, the society was formed in 1930 by Philip J.S. Richardson, the editor of Dancing Times, the critic Arnold Haskell, and ...
Camargo, Marie: ballerina of the Paris Opera remembered for her numerous technical innovations.
Camargue: delta region in Bouches-du-Rhone departement, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur region, southern France. The region lies between the Grand and Petit channels of the Rhone River and has an area of 300 square miles (780 square km). ...
Cambaceres, Jean-Jacques-Regis de, duke de Parme: French statesman and legal expert who was second consul with Napoleon Bonaparte and then archchancellor of the empire. As Napoleon's principal adviser on all juridical matters from 1800 to 1814, he was instrumental in formulating the Napoleonic Code, or Civil ...
Cambay: city, east-central Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies at the head of the Gulf of Cambay and the mouth of the Mahi River. The city was mentioned in 1293 by Marco Polo, who referred to it as a busy port. ...
Cambay, Gulf of: trumpet-shaped gulf of the Arabian Sea, indenting northward the coast of Gujarat state, western India, between Bombay and the Kathiawar Peninsula. It is 120 miles (190 km) wide at its mouth between Diu and Daman, but it rapidly narrows to ...
Cambert, Robert: the first French composer of opera, though the dramatic sense of the word cannot be applied to any of his works.
Cambisol: one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Cambisols are characterized by the absence of a layer of accumulated clay, humus, soluble salts, or iron and aluminum oxides. They differ from ...
cambium: in plants, layer of actively dividing cells between xylem (wood) and phloem (bast) tissues that is responsible for the secondary growth of stems and roots (secondary growth occurs after the first season and results in increase in thickness). Theoretically, the ...
Cambodia: country lying in the southwestern Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia. Covering a land area of 70,238 square miles (181,916 square kilometres), it is bordered on the west and northwest by Thailand, on the northeast by Laos, on the east and ...
Cambon, Joseph: financial administrator who attempted, with considerable success, to stabilize the finances of the French Revolutionary government from 1791 to 1795.
Cambon, Jules: French diplomat who played an important role in the peace negotiations between the United States and Spain (1898) and was influential in the formation of French policy toward Germany in the decade before World War I.
Cambon, Paul: French diplomat who as ambassador to Great Britain (1898-1920) was instrumental in the formation of the Anglo-French alliance, the Entente Cordiale.
Cambrai: town, Nord departement, Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, northern France. It lies along the Escaut River, south of Roubaix. The town was called Camaracum under the Romans, and its bishops were made counts by the German king ...
Cambrai, Battle of: British offensive (November-December 1917) on the Western Front during World War I that marked the first large-scale, effective use of tanks in warfare.
Cambrai, League of: an alliance of Pope Julius II, the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I, Louis XII of France, and Ferdinand II of Aragon, formed Dec. 10, 1508, ostensibly against the Turks but actually to attack the Republic of Venice and divide its ...
Cambrai, Treaty of: (French: "Peace of the Ladies"; Aug. 3, 1529), agreement ending one phase of the wars between Francis I of France and the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Charles V; it temporarily confirmed Spanish (Habsburg) hegemony in Italy. After a series of ...
Cambria: county, central Pennsylvania, U.S. It consists of a mountainous region on the Allegheny Plateau, with the Allegheny Mountains along the eastern edge. The principal waterways are the Conemaugh and Little Conemaugh rivers, Glendale Lake, and Beaverdam Run, in addition to ...
Cambrian Period: earliest time division of the Paleozoic Era, extending from about 540 to 505 million years ago. The Cambrian Period is often divided into the Early Cambrian Epoch (540 to 520 million years ago), the Middle Cambrian Epoch (520 to 512 ...
cambric: lightweight, closely woven, plain cotton cloth first made in Cambrai, France, and originally a fine linen fabric. Printed cambric was used in London by 1595 for bands, cuffs, and ruffs. Modern cambric is made from choice American or Egyptian cotton, ...
Cambridge: city (district), administrative and historic county of Cambridgeshire, England, home of the internationally known University of Cambridge. The city lies immediately south of the fen country (a flat alluvial region only slightly above sea level) and is itself only 20 ...
Cambridge: city, Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., situated on the north bank of the Charles River, partly opposite Boston. Originally settled as New Towne in 1630 by the Massachusetts Bay Company, it was organized as a town in 1636 when it ...
Cambridge: city, seat (1686) of Dorchester county, eastern Maryland, U.S., on the Choptank River's south bank near Chesapeake Bay's eastern shore. Bisected by Cambridge Creek (a natural harbour), it was founded in 1684 as a plantation port and named in 1686 ...
Cambridge: city, regional municipality of Waterloo, southeastern Ontario, Can. It lies 55 miles (90 km) west-southwest of Toronto. Cambridge was created in 1973 from the consolidation of the city of Galt, the towns of Hespeler and Preston, and parts of the ...