pope from 217? to 222, during the schism of Antipope St. Hippolytus. Little was known about Calixtus before the discovery of Philosophumena by Hippolytus, a work that is, in part, a pamphlet directed against him.
either of two distinct kinds of plants of the arum family (Araceae). The genus Calla contains one species of aquatic wild plant, C. palustris, which is known as the arum lily, water arum, or wild calla. As a common name ...
small burgh (town), Stirling council area, historic county of Perthshire, Scotland, on the River Teith. It is a tourist centre on an important entry point into the Highlands, near the Trossachs, Loch Katrine, and the mountain Ben Ledi, which has ...
city and principal commercial seaport of Peru, located within the 57-square-mile (147-square-kilometre) Callao constitutional provincia, directly west of Lima. The mostly urbanized area of the constitutional province is part of the Lima-Callao metropolitan area. Callao's port has one of the ...
climatic change brought about by man-made increases in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily through the processes of combustion. The actuality of such changes was proposed in 1938 by the English scientist G.S. Callendar, son of H.L. Callendar. ...
British physicist who made notable contributions to thermometry, calorimetry, and knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of steam. Callendar in 1886 described a precise thermometer based on the electrical resistivity of platinum; since then, platinum resistance thermometers have been prescribed for ...
military and political leader who modernized the revolutionary armies and later became president of Mexico. He was the founder of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR; National Revolutionary Party), which became the major Mexican political party (renamed in 1938 the Partido ...
Athenian ridiculed by the comic poets for his youthful extravagance; later in life he was a successful military commander and diplomat. The grandson of the Callias described above, he was the butt of jokes in the plays of Aristophanes and ...
valley in eastern Queensland, Australia, a southeast-northwest corridor extending for 70 miles (110 km) west of the Calliope Range. Its principal settlement is Biloela. Cotton, grains, and dairy pastures are irrigated from subartesian sources and dams on the seasonal Callide ...
French diplomat and author whose book De la maniere de negocier avec les souverains (1716; The Practice of Diplomacy) was considered a model introduction to the subject of diplomacy.
writing as an art. The term derives from the Greek words for "good" or "beautiful" and for "writing" or "drawing" and refers to what masters called the art of fair writing. It imples a sure knowledge of the correct form ...
Greek sculptor, perhaps an Athenian, reputed to have invented the Corinthian capital after witnessing acanthus leaves growing around a basket placed upon a young girl's tomb.
architect who is credited with the invention of Greek fire, a highly incendiary liquid that was projected from "siphons" to enemy ships or troops and was almost impossible to extinguish.
Greek elegiac poet, the few surviving fragments of whose work reflect the troubled period when Asia Minor was invaded by the Cimmerians, a race originating in what was later South Russia. The longest fragment is an appeal to young men ...
in music, a steam-whistle organ with a loud, shrill sound audible miles away; it is used to attract attention for circuses and fairs. It was invented in the United States about 1850 by A.S. Denny and patented in 1855 by ...
in Greek mythology, foremost of the nine Muses, patron of epic poetry. At the behest of Zeus, the king of the gods, she judged the dispute between the goddesses Aphrodite and Persephone over Adonis. In most accounts she and King ...
genus of shrubs and trees, of the family Myrtaceae, native to Australia. They have spikes of showy flowers and are commonly called bottlebrushes. The plants are often cultivated outdoors in western North America and in colder regions in greenhouses. C. ...
in Greek mythology, a nymph, or else a daughter of either Lycaon of Arcadia or of Nycteus or Ceteus. Callisto was one of the goddess Artemis' huntress companions and swore to remain unwed. But she was loved by Zeus and, ...
outermost of the four large moons (Galilean satellites) discovered around Jupiter by the Italian astronomer Galileo in 1610. It was probably also discovered independently that same year by the German astronomer Simon Marius, who named it after Callisto of Greek ...
patriarch of Constantinople, theologian, and hagiographer, an advocate of a Byzantine school of mystical prayer that he upheld by the authority of his office and by his writings.
French printmaker who was one of the first great artists to practice the graphic arts exclusively. His innovative series of prints documenting the horrors of war greatly influenced the socially conscious artists of the 19th and 20th centuries.
American bandleader, singer, and all-around entertainer known for his exuberant performing style and for leading one of the most highly regarded big bands of the swing era.
in dermatology, small area of thickened skin, caused by continued friction, pressure, or other physical or chemical irritants. In response to mild but repeated injury, the cells of the epidermis, the outermost horny layer of the skin, become more active, ...
in osteology, bony and cartilaginous material forming a connecting bridge across a bone fracture during repair. Within one to two days after injury, a provisional callus forms, enveloping the fracture site. Bone-forming cells in the periosteum (the bone layer where ...
French bacteriologist, pupil of Louis Pasteur, and codeveloper with Camille Guerin of the tuberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). He also described a diagnostic test for tuberculosis, known as Calmette's reaction.
a very heavy, soft, white, sweetish-tasting halide mineral, formed by the alteration of other mercury minerals, such as cinnabar or amalgams. Calomel is found together with native mercury, cinnabar, calcite, limonite, and clay, at Moschellandsberg, Ger.; Zimapan, Mexico; and Brewster ...
French statesman whose efforts to reform the structure of his nation's finance and administration precipitated the governmental crisis that led to the French Revolution of 1789.
city on Dagatdagatan Lagoon (Manila Bay), central Luzon, Philippines, adjacent to northern Manila. Founded in 1762, it became a municipality in 1815. Caloocan suffered much damage during World War II. Now part of Greater Manila, it is a growing centre ...
genus of about four species of terrestrial orchids, family Orchidaceae, found in bogs and swamps of North America and the West Indies. The lip of the grass-pink, or swamp-pink (Calopogon pulchellus), flower is covered with many yellow hairs. The flowers ...
explanation, widely accepted in the 18th century, of the phenomena of heat and combustion in terms of the flow of a hypothetical weightless fluid known as caloric. The idea of an imaginary fluid to represent heat helped explain many but ...
a unit of energy or heat variously defined. The calorie was originally defined as the amount of heat required at a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1° Celsius. Since 1925 this ...
genus of arboreal (tree-dwelling) lizards of the family Agamidae, remarkable for their extreme colour changes when excited. They are found in gardens and forests of India, Southeast Asia, and some Pacific islands. The taxonomy is uncertain; about 30 species, differing ...
early photographic technique invented by William Henry Fox Talbot of Great Britain in the 1830s. In this technique, a sheet of paper coated with silver chloride was exposed to light in a camera obscura; those areas hit by light became ...
city, capital of Caltanissetta provincia, central Sicily, Italy. The city lies in the mountains west of the Salso River at an elevation of 1,929 feet (588 m). It is sometimes identified with the ancient cities of Gibil-Habib or Sabucino, but ...
either of two ancient Indian dynasties. The Western Calukyas ruled as emperors in the Deccan (i.e., peninsular India) from AD 543 to 757 and again from about 975 to about 1189. The Eastern Calukyas ruled in Vengi (in eastern Andhra ...
city, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. A southern suburb of Chicago, Calumet City lies on the Illinois-Indiana state border and along the Little Calumet River, southeast of Lake Calumet. The area was first settled in the 1860s by Hans Johann ...
