| | - Caral
- (from the article "Anthropology and Archaeology") Caral is a complex of pyramids, plazas, and staircases in the arid Supe River valley about 115 mi (185 km) north of Lima. The site had been largely overlooked until Peruvian archaeologist Ruth Shady began investigating it in the mid-1990s. ...
- caramel
- candy substance obtained by boiling sugar to or beyond approximately 240° F (115° C), at which point its mass takes on a slightly yellowish colour and pleasantly burnt smell. [2 Related Articles]
- caramelization
- (from the article "candy") ...is plastic at normal temperatures. The action of heat on the milk solids, in conjunction with the sugar ingredients, imparts the typical flavour and colour to these candies. This process is termed caramelization.
- Caran
- Hindu caste of hereditary genealogists, bards, and storytellers located in Gujarat state in western India. They claim origin from the Rajput caste of Rajasthan and may be of mixed Brahman (priestly) and Rajput extraction. Many of their customs are similar ...
- Caran d'Ache
- caricaturist and illustrator whose line drawing was notable for its crisp, forceful simplicity. The name Caran d'Ache transliterates the Russian word for pencil. [2 Related Articles]
- carangid
- any fish of the family Carangidae (order Perciformes), which contains more than 200 species of marine fishes, including such well-known forms as the jacks and pompanos. Carangids are swift, predatory, usually silvery fishes found throughout the world in warm and ... [1 Related Articles]
- carangiform locomotion
- (from the article "locomotion") ...shape of an eel; only those with a similar body form, in which the surface area of the head end is the same as that of the tail end, have anguilliform locomotion. Fish with fusiform bodies exhibit carangiform locomotion, in ...
- Caranqui
- (from the article "pre-Columbian civilizations") ...to have controlled any outliers of their own on the Amazonic slope. Their main puna farms and most of their subjects lived above 12,000 feet, and their camelid herds were pastured even higher. The Karanqa also controlled corn (maize) fields ...
- carapace
- (from the article "boxfish") any of a small group of shallow-water marine fishes of the family Ostraciontidae (or Ostraciidae), distinguished by a hard, boxlike, protective carapace covering most of the body. The alternative name cowfish refers to the hornlike projections on the heads of ...
- Caraquet
- town and fishing port, Gloucester county, northeastern New Brunswick, Canada. It lies along Caraquet Bay (an inlet of Chaleur Bay), near the mouth of the Caraquet River, 42 miles (68 km) northeast of Bathurst.
- carat
- unit of weight for diamonds and certain other precious gems. Before 1913 the weight of a carat varied in different gem centres. Originally based on the weight of grains or leguminous seeds, which, of course, varied in size from place ...
- Caratacus
- king of the British tribe of Trinovantes, and the son of Cunobelinus (q.v.). [3 Related Articles]
- Caratasca Lagoon
- lagoon in northeastern Honduras. The country's largest lagoon, Caratasca extends inland from the Caribbean Sea for approximately 25 miles (40 km) and measures up to 55 miles (88 km) from northwest to southeast. It is linked to the Caribbean by ...
- Caratheodory, Constantin
- German mathematician of Greek origin who made important contributions to the theory of real functions, to the calculus of variations, and to the theory of point-set measure.
- Carausius
- (from the article "insect") A few insects (e.g., the stick insect Carausius) rarely produce males, and the eggs develop without fertilization in a process known as parthenogenesis. During summer months in temperate latitudes, aphids occur only as parthenogenetic females in which embryos develop within ...
- Carausius, Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus
- officer in the Roman military service who created a short-lived independent state in Britain. [5 Related Articles]
- Caravaca
- city in the provincia (province) and comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Murcia, southeastern Spain, about 40 miles (65 km) west-northwest of Murcia city.
- Caravaggio
- Italian painter whose revolutionary technique of tenebrism, or dramatic, selective illumination of form out of deep shadow, became a hallmark of Baroque painting. Scorning the traditional idealized interpretation of religious subjects, he took his models from the streets and painted ... [14 Related Articles]
- Caravaggism
- (from the article "Caravaggio") The many painters who imitated Caravaggio's style soon became known as Caravaggisti. Caravaggio's influence in Rome itself was remarkable but short-lived, lasting only until the 1620s. His foremost followers elsewhere in Italy were Orazio Gentileschi, Artemisia Gentileschi, and the Spaniard ...
- Caravan
- (from the article "automobile") ...Issigonis's Mini packaging applied to a larger box, the minivan featured a transverse power package with the rest of the vehicle devoted to passengers and cargo. The first example was the Dodge Caravan, which was quickly imitated by others and ...
- caravan
- a group of merchants, pilgrims, or travelers journeying together, usually for mutual protection in deserts or other hostile regions. In the deserts of Asia and northern Africa, the animal most commonly used in caravans was the camel, because of its ... [1 Related Articles]
- caravansary
- in the Middle East and parts of North Africa and Central Asia, a public building used for sheltering caravans and other travelers. The caravansary is usually constructed outside the walls of a town or village. The structure is quadrangular in ... [4 Related Articles]
- caravel
- a light sailing ship of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries in Europe, much-used by the Spanish and Portuguese for long voyages. Apparently developed by the Portuguese for exploring the coast of Africa, the caravel's chief excellence lay in its ... [2 Related Articles]
- Caravelle
- (from the article "flight, history of") France succeeded with its first effort at a jet airliner, creating the Sud-Est (later Aerospatiale) SE 210 Caravelle, a medium-range turbojet intended primarily for the continental European market. First flown on May 27, 1955, the Caravelle achieved sales of 282 ...
- caraway
- the dried fruit, commonly called seed, of Carum carvi, a biennial herb of the parsley family (Apiaceae, or Umbelliferae), native to Europe and western Asia and cultivated since ancient times. Caraway has a distinctive aroma reminiscent of anise and a ... [1 Related Articles]
- Caraway, Hattie Ophelia
- American politician who became the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate. [1 Related Articles]
- Caraway, Thaddeus H.
- (from the article "Caraway, Hattie Ophelia") Hattie Wyatt grew up in her native Bakerville, Tennessee, and in nearby Hustburg. She graduated (1896) from Dickson Normal School and for a time thereafter taught school. In 1902 she married Thaddeus H. Caraway, who subsequently became a congressman and ...
- Caray, Harry
- American sportscaster who gained national prominence for his telecasts of Chicago Cubs baseball games on Chicago-based superstation WGN during the 1980s and 1990s. [2 Related Articles]
- Carayol, Michel
- (from the article "nuclear weapon") ...strongly urged the CEA to find a solution and set 1968 as a deadline. Work at Limeil and at other labs in the CEA complex was stepped up as scientists sought to discover the key concepts. Physicist Michel Carayol laid ...
- Carazo Odio, Rodrigo
- president of Costa Rica (1978-82). [1 Related Articles]
- carbamate
- (from the article "Agricultural chemicals") The carbamates are a relatively new group of insecticides that includes such compounds as carbamyl, methomyl, and carbofuran. They are rapidly detoxified and eliminated from animal tissues. Their toxicity is thought to arise from a mechanism somewhat similar to that ...
- carbamazepine
- (from the article "mental disorder") Carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant drug, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of mania and in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. It may be combined with lithium in patients with bipolar disorder who fail to respond to either ...
- carbamoyl phosphate
- (from the article "metabolism") ...commonly called the urea cycle, is summarized as follows: Ammonia, formed from glutamate and NAD+ in the liver mitochondria (reaction [28]), reacts with carbon dioxide and ATP to form carbamoyl phosphate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate, as shown in reaction [30].
- carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
- (from the article "metabolism") The reaction is catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. The carbamoyl moiety of carbamoyl phosphate (NH2CO&singlehorzbond;) is transferred to ornithine, an amino acid, in a reaction catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamoylase; the products are citrulline and inorganic phosphate [31]. Citrulline and aspartate...
- carbamoylaspartate
- (from the article "metabolism") and carbamoyl phosphate (derived from carbon dioxide, ATP, and ammonia via reaction [30]) condense to form N-carbamoylaspartate [70], which loses water [71] in a reaction catalyzed by dihydroorotase; the product, dihydroorotate,
- carbanion
- any member of a class of organic compounds in which a negative electrical charge is located predominantly on a carbon atom. Carbanions are formally derived from neutral organic molecules by removal of positively charged atoms or groups of atoms, and ...
- carbaryl
- (from the article "Agricultural chemicals") A wide range of organophosphate and carbamate materials is now available. These can be applied to avoid most of the problems related to residues. Malathion and carbaryl, for example, are used to control insects in areas where persistent materials might ...
- carbene
- any member of a class of highly reactive molecules containing divalent carbon atoms-that is, carbon atoms that utilize only two of the four bonds they are capable of forming with other atoms. Occurring usually as transient intermediates during chemical reactions, ...
- Carbet Mountains
- volcanic mountain mass on the Caribbean island of Martinique, in the Lesser Antilles. The peaks are about 3.5 miles (6 km) from the west coast, standing between Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France. They rise to 3,924 feet (1,196 metres) at Lacroix, 3,806 ... [1 Related Articles]
- carbide
- any of a class of chemical compounds in which carbon is combined with a metallic or semimetallic element. Calcium carbide is important chiefly as a source of acetylene and other chemicals, whereas the carbides of silicon, tungsten, and several other ... [2 Related Articles]
- carbide lamp
- (from the article "mining") ...acetylene gas was generated by adding water to calcium carbide in the base of a lamp and then released through a jet in the centre of a bright metal reflector. A flint sparker made these so-called carbide lamps easy to ...
- carbimazole
- (from the article "hyperthyroidism") ...a chronic, even lifelong, disorder. It can be treated with an antithyroid drug, radioactive iodine, or surgery (thyroidectomy). There are three widely used antithyroid drugs-methimazole, carbimazole (which is rapidly converted to methimazole in the body), and propylthiouracil. These drugs block ...
- carbine
- light, short-barrelled musket or rifle. The word, the source of which is obscure, seems to have originated in the late or mid-16th century. The carbine, in various versions corresponding to the different full-sized military arms, was chiefly a cavalry weapon ... [1 Related Articles]
- Carbo, Gaius Papirius
- Roman politician who supported the agrarian reforms of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus but later deserted the Gracchan party.
- Carbo, Gnaeus Papirius
- Roman general, leader of the forces of Gaius Marius in the civil war between Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. In 87 he took part in Marius' blockade of Rome, which was at that time held by pro-Sullan forces. Rome capitulated, ...
- carbocation
- (from the article "organohalogen compound") ...and the term SN1 (substitution-nucleophilic-unimolecular) is applied. The species formed in the slow step contains a positively charged, electron-deficient carbon and is called a carbocation. Carbocations are unstable and react rapidly with substances such as nucleophiles that have unshared electrons ...
- carbocyclic compound
- (from the article "heterocyclic compound") The molecules of organic chemical compounds are built up from a framework or backbone of carbon atoms to which are attached hydrogen (H), oxygen, or other heteroatoms. Carbon atoms have the unique property of being able to link with one ...
- carbohydrate
- class of naturally occurring compounds and derivatives formed from them. In the early part of the 19th century, substances such as wood, starch, and linen were found to be composed mainly of molecules containing atoms of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), ... [31 Related Articles]
- carbolic acid
- (from the article "carbolic acid") simplest member of the phenol family of organic compounds. See phenol.for more general content related to this topicphenolphenolsCarbon
- county, eastern Pennsylvania, U.S., flanked to the north by the Pocono Mountains and to the south by Blue Mountain and located midway between the cities of Wilkes-Barre and Allentown. It consists of a mountainous region lying largely in the Appalachian ...
- carbon
- a nonmetallic chemical element in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. Although widely distributed in nature, carbon is not particularly plentiful (it makes up only about 0.025 percent of the Earth's crust); yet it forms more compounds than all ... [56 Related Articles]
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