earliest form of movable window, wood or metal framed, with hinges or pivots at the upright side of the vertically hung sash, so that it opens outward or inward along its entire length in the manner of a door. One ...
distinguished British public servant who was executed for treason and became one of the principal Irish martyrs in the revolt against British rule in Ireland.
city, capital of Caserta provincia, Campania regione, southern Italy, north of Naples. The old town (Caserta Vecchia), founded by the Lombards in the 8th century, lies on hills 3 miles (5 km) north-northeast of the modern city, which was a ...
business machine that usually has a money drawer and is designed to record sales transactions. The typical cash register of the mid-20th century, through a system of keys, levers, and gears often electrically driven, indicated the amount of a transaction ...
American singer, songwriter, and actress, who was a leading figure in country music, especially noted for her work with the Carter Family and Johnny Cash.
American author, editor, and journalist, best known for his single book, The Mind of the South (1941), a classic analysis of white Southern temperament and culture.
town and urban district, County Tipperary, southern Ireland, about 30 miles (50 km) east-southeast of Limerick. The town's landscape is dominated by the 358-foot (109-metre) Rock of Cashel, a limestone outcrop on the summit of which is a group of ...
the characteristically curved, edible seed or nut of the domesticated cashew tree. The tropical and subtropical evergreen shrub or tree is native to the New World, but commercially cultivated mainly in Brazil and India. The nut, rich in oil and ...
animal-hair fibre forming the downy undercoat of the Kashmir goat and belonging to the group of textile fibres called specialty hair fibres. Although the word cashmere is sometimes incorrectly applied to extremely soft wools, only the product of the Kashmir ...
duke of Poland who reannexed the formerly Polish provinces of Silesia, Mazovia, and Pomerania (all now in Poland), which had been lost during his father's reign, and restored the Polish central government.
duke of Krakow and of Sandomierz from 1177 to 1194. A member of the Piast dynasty, he drove his brother Mieszko III from the throne and spent much of his reign fighting him. Mieszko actually regained power briefly in 1190-91, ...
king of Poland from 1333 to 1370, called "the Great" because he was deemed a peaceful ruler, a "peasant king," and a skillful diplomat. Through astute diplomacy he annexed lands from western Russia and eastern Germany. Within his realm he ...
grand duke of Lithuania (1440-92) and king of Poland (1447-92), who, by patient but tenacious policy, sought to preserve the political union between Poland and Lithuania and to recover the lost lands of old Poland. The great triumph of his ...
card game for two to four players, best played with two. A 52-card deck is used. In the two-handed game the dealer gives his opponent two cards, deals two face up on the table, and gives two to himself. He ...
navigable waterway in southern Venezuela. It branches off from the Orinoco River downstream from La Esmeralda and meanders generally southwestward for approximately 140 miles (225 km), joining the Guainia River to form the Negro River, a major affluent of the ...
the eight letters and a series of irregular sonnets asserted by James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, to have been found by his servants in a silver casket in the possession of a retainer of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of ...
Czech gymnast, who won a total of 35 medals, including 22 gold medals, at the Olympic Games and at world and European championships in the 1950s and '60s.
English typefounder who, between 1720 and 1726, designed the typeface that bears his name. His work helped to modernize the book, making it a separate creation rather than a printed imitation of the old hand-produced book.
Mexican archaeologist and government official who explored the early Oaxacan cultures and is best remembered for his excavation of Tomb Seven at Monte Alban, the earliest-known North American necropolis.
city, seat (1890) of Natrona county, east-central Wyoming, U.S., on the North Platte River. It originated around Fort Caspar at the site of a pioneer crossing on the Oregon Trail and the Pony Express route. The fort, now restored, was ...
Swedish cytologist and geneticist who initiated the use of the ultraviolet microscope to determine the nucleic acid content of cellular structures such as the nucleus and nucleolus.
flat lowland, Kazakstan and Russia, much of it below sea level at the north end of the Caspian Sea. It is one of the largest such areas in Central Asia, occupying about 77,220 square miles (200,000 square km). Both the ...
world's largest inland body of water, lying to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia. Its name derives from the ancient Kaspi peoples, who once lived in Transcaucasia to the ...
perennial vine of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), native to the New World tropics and cultivated as an ornamental plant and for its sweet-smelling, edible fruit. The cassabanana vine is fleshy and tall, with many tendrils. It can grow 12.5 metres ...
in Greek mythology, the daughter of Priam, the last king of Troy, and his wife Hecuba. Cassandra was loved by the god Apollo, who promised her the power of prophecy if she would comply with his desires. Cassandra accepted the ...
in music, 18th-century genre for orchestra or small ensemble that was written in several short movements. It was akin to the 18th-century serenade and divertimento and, like these, was often intended for performance outdoors. Among suggested origins of the term ...
(Manihot esculenta), tuberous edible plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) from the American tropics. It is cultivated throughout the tropical world for its tuberous roots, from which cassava flour, breads, tapioca, a laundry starch, and even an alcoholic beverage are ...
in astronomical telescopy, an arrangement of mirrors to focus incoming light at a point close to the main light-gathering mirror. The design was proposed in 1672 by N. Cassegrain, a French scientist of whom virtually nothing else is known.
porcelain produced by a factory at Kassel, Hesse, under the patronage of the Landgrave of Hesse. The factory fired hard-paste porcelain in 1766, though complete tea or coffee services were not produced until 1769. Most surviving examples are painted in ...
Swedish economist who gained international prominence through his work on world monetary problems at the Brussels Conference in 1920 and on the League of Nations Finance Committee in 1921.
(German: Cassella Dyeworks Mainkur Limited-liability Company), German chemical corporation founded in 1789 by Leopold Cassella (1766-1847) in Frankfurt and today a subsidiary of Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft (q.v.).
anatomist who gave the first detailed descriptions of the organs of speech and hearing. His texts are notable for their descriptive accuracy and detailed investigation into human and comparative anatomy.
in audio and video recording, flat, rectangular container made of plastic or lightweight metal that holds magnetic tape for audio or video recording and replay. A tape cassette is designed so that it can be inserted in a recorder and ...
spice consisting of the aromatic bark of the Cinnamomum cassia plant of the family Lauraceae. Similar to true cinnamon, cassia bark has a more pungent, less delicate flavour and is thicker than cinnamon bark. It contains from 1 to 2 ...
ascetic, monk, theologian, and founder and first abbot of the famous abbey of Saint-Victor at Marseille. His writings, which have influenced all Western monasticism, themselves reflect much of the teaching of the hermits of Egypt, the Desert Fathers. Cassian's theology ...
American outlaw and foremost member of the Wild Bunch (q.v.), a collection of bank and train robbers who ranged through the western United States in the 1880s and '90s.
French jurist and president of the European Court of Human Rights. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1968 for his involvement in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
French astronomer and geodesist, who continued surveying work undertaken by his father, Jacques Cassini, and began construction of a great topographical map of France.
three empirical rules that accurately describe the rotation of the Moon, formulated in 1693 by Gian Domenico Cassini. They are: (1) the Moon rotates uniformly about its own axis once in the same time that it takes to revolve around ...
French geodesist and astronomer, who completed his father's map of France, which was later used as the basis for the Atlas National (1791). The son of Cesar-Francois Cassini de Thury, he succeeded him as director of the Observatoire de Paris ...
