Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Carlini, Armando ... Carnap, Rudolf

Carlini, Armando: Italian philosopher whose Christian spiritualism synthesized contemporary theories espoused by Giovanni Gentile and Benedetto Croce about the nature of phenomena. Basing his theory on the dichotomy of God and worldliness, he defined existence as dependent upon self-awareness and the identification ...
Carlinville: city, seat (1829) of Macoupin county, west-central Illinois, U.S. It lies about 40 miles (65 km) southwest of Springfield. The first settlement on the site, in an area known as Black Hawk hunting ground (frequented by Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo ...
Carlisle: urban area and city (district), administrative county of Cumbria, historic county of Cumberland, England, on the Scottish border.
Carlisle: borough (town), seat (1751) of Cumberland county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the Cumberland Valley, 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Harrisburg. James Le Tort, a French-Swiss Indian trader, settled with an Indian tribe near the site about 1720. The town, ...
Carlisle Commission: 1778, during U.S. War of Independence, group of British negotiators sent in 1778, to effect a reconciliation with the 13 insurgent colonies by a belated offer of self-rule within the empire. Shocked by the British defeat at Saratoga (concluded Oct. ...
Carlisle, Charles Howard, 3rd earl of: chief minister of Great Britain from Dec. 30, 1701, to May 6, 1702, and from May 23 to Oct. 11, 1715.
Carlisle, John G: lawyer, legislator, and government official. He served as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1883-89) and secretary of the Treasury (1893-97).
Carlisle, Lucy Hay, countess of: intriguer and conspirator during the English Civil Wars, celebrated by many poets of the day, including Thomas Carew, William Cartwright, Robert Herrick, and Sir John Suckling.
Carlism: a Spanish political movement of traditionalist character, originating in the 1820s in the apostolico or extreme clerical party and mobilized in 1827 in the form of paramilitary Royalist Volunteers. This opposition to liberalism crystallized in the 1830s ...
Carloforte: only town on the small Isola di San Pietro (area 20 sq mi [52 sq km]), just off the southwest coast of Sardinia, Italy. The island is administratively part of Cagliari province. The town was named after Charles Emmanuel III ...
Carloman: eldest son of Louis II the German and father of the emperor Arnulf. Carloman rebelled against his father in 861 and 863 but in 865 was entrusted by Louis with a share in his authority, being granted jurisdiction over Bavaria ...
Carloman: second son of Louis II and king of France or the West Franks (882-884). On Louis II's death (879) Carloman was associated with his brother Louis III as king of the West Franks, but both, as the children of a ...
Carloman: Frankish prince, son of Charles Martel and brother of Pippin III the Short.
Carloman: the younger brother of Charlemagne, with whom, at the instance of their father, Pippin III the Short, he was anointed king of the Franks in 754 by Pope Stephen II (or III) in the abbey of Saint-Denis. Carloman inherited the ...
Carlos de Austria: prince of Asturias, son of King Philip II of Spain and Maria of Portugal, heir to the Spanish throne, whose hatred for his father led him to conspire with the king's enemies in the Low Countries, thus provoking his arrest. ...
Carlos Luis De Borbon, Count De Montemolin: the second Carlist, or Bourbon traditionalist, Spanish pretender (as Charles VI) who twice attempted unsuccessfully to seize the throne and who by perpetuating the breach within the Bourbon royal family helped weaken support for the monarchy.
Carlos Maria de los Dolores de Borbon y Austria-este, duke de Madrid: the fourth Carlist, or Bourbon traditionalist, pretender to the Spanish throne (as Charles VII) whose military incompetence and lack of leadership led to the final decline of the Carlist cause.
Carlos Maria Isidro de Borbon, conde de Molina: the first Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne (as Charles V) and the second surviving son of King Charles IV (see Carlism).
Carlota: wife of the emperor Maximilian of Mexico.
Carlow: urban district and county seat, County Carlow, Ireland, on the left bank of the River Barrow. An Anglo-Norman stronghold, the town received charters of incorporation in the 13th and 17th centuries. The keep (innermost citadel) of a 13th-century stronghold remains ...
Carlow: county in the province of Leinster, southeastern Ireland. One of the smallest Irish counties, Carlow is bounded by Counties Kildare (north), Wicklow and Wexford (east), and Kilkenny and Laoighis (west). The town of Carlow is the county seat. In the ...
Carlowitz, Treaty of: (Jan. 26, 1699), peace settlement that ended hostilities (1683-99) between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League (Austria, Poland, Venice, and Russia) and transferred Transylvania and much of Hungary from Turkish control to Austrian. The treaty significantly diminished Turkish influence ...
Carlsbad: city, seat (1889) of Eddy county, southeastern New Mexico, U.S. It lies on the right bank of the Pecos River. Founded in 1887 and first known as Eddy (for its founder Charles B. Eddy), it was renamed in 1899 for ...
Carlsbad: city, San Diego county, southern California, U.S. Located 35 miles (55 km) north of San Diego, Carlsbad lies along a lagoon on the Pacific Ocean just south of Oceanside, in a winter vegetable- and flower-growing district. Luiseno Indians long inhabited ...
Carlsbad Caverns National Park: area of the Chihuahuan Desert in southeastern New Mexico, U.S., near the base of the Guadalupe Mountains (a segment of the Sacramento Mountains). It was established in 1923 as a national monument, designated a national park in 1930, and proclaimed ...
Carlsbad Decrees: series of resolutions (Beschlusse) issued by a conference of ministers from the major German states, meeting at the Bohemian spa of Carlsbad (now Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic) on Aug. 6-31, 1819. The states represented were Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Mecklenburg, ...
Carlsberg Ridge: submarine ridge of the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. The ridge is a portion of the Mid-Indian Ridge and extends from near Rodrigues Island to the Gulf of Aden, trending basically northwest to southeast. The ridge separates the Arabian ...
Carlson, Chester F.: American physicist who was the inventor of xerography, an electrostatic dry-copying process that found applications ranging from office copying to reproducing out-of-print books.
Carlson, Evans: U.S. Marine officer during World War II who led guerrilla fighters (Carlson's Raiders) on daring military incursions in the Pacific area.
Carlsson, Arvid: Swedish pharmacologist who, along with Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel, was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his research establishing dopamine as an important neurotransmitter in the brain.
Carlstadt, Andreas Rudolf Bodenstein von: German theologian and early supporter of Martin Luther who later dissented from Lutheran views by pressing for more extensive reforms in theology and church life.
Carlton House table: elegant writing table, normally in mahogany or satinwood, characterized by a superstructure of drawers and pigeonholes running along the back and curving around the sides of the top, leaving clear only the side nearest the sitter. The curve of the ...
Carlton, Steve: professional baseball player. In 1983 Carlton became the second pitcher to surpass Walter Johnson's career record of 3,508 strikeouts (Nolan Ryan was the first).
Carlyle, Thomas: British historian and essayist, whose major works include The French Revolution, 3 vol. (1837), On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841), and The History of Friedrich II of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great, 6 vol. (1858-65).
carmagnole: originally, a Piedmontese peasant costume (from the Italian town of Carmagnola) that was well known in the south of France and brought to Paris by the revolutionaries of Marseille in 1792.
Carman, Bliss: Canadian regional poet of the Maritime Provinces and the New England region of the United States who is remembered chiefly for poignant love poems and one or two rhapsodies in celebration of nature.
Carmarthen: town, administrative centre of the historic and present county of Carmarthenshire (Sir Gaerfyrddin), Wales. The town of Carmarthen is located on the River Tywi 8 miles (13 km) above its Bristol Channel mouth. Recognizing the site's strategic importance, both Romans ...
Carmarthenshire: county of southwestern Wales, extending inland from the Bristol Channel. The present county is coterminous with the historic county of the same name. It rises from sea level along the Bristol Channel to an elevation of more than 2,000 feet ...
Carmel: city, Monterey county, western California, U.S. It lies on the Carmel River and Carmel Bay, adjacent to Monterey, at the northern edge of the Big Sur region. The river was named by the Spanish explorer Sebastian Vizcaino and a group ...
Carmel, Mount: mountain range, northwestern Israel; the city of Haifa is on its northeastern slope. It divides the Plain of Esdraelon ('Emeq Yizre'el) and the Galilee (east and north) from the coastal Plain of Sharon (south). A northwest-southeast-trending limestone ridge, about 16 ...
Carmelite: member of one of the four great mendicant orders (those orders whose corporate as well as personal poverty made it necessary for them to beg for alms) of the Middle Ages. The origin of the order can be traced to ...
Carmichael, Hoagy: American composer, singer, self-taught pianist, and actor who wrote several of the most highly regarded popular standards in American music.
Carmichael, Leonard: U.S. psychologist and educator who, as secretary of the Smithsonian Institution from 1953 to 1964, was responsible for the modernization of the "nation's attic."
Carmichael, Stokely: West-Indian-born civil-rights activist, leader of black nationalism in the United States in the 1960s and originator of its rallying slogan, "black power."
Carmina Burana: 13th-century manuscript that contains songs (the Carmina Burana proper) and six religious plays. The contents of the manuscript are attributed to the goliards (q.v.), wandering scholars and students in western Europe during the 10th to the 13th century who were ...
carmine: red or purplish-red pigment obtained from cochineal (q.v.), a red dyestuff extracted from the dried bodies of certain female scale insects native to tropical and subtropical America. Carmine was used extensively for watercolours and fine coach-body colours before the advent ...
Carmona: town, Seville province, in the autonomous community (region) of Andalusia, southern Spain; it overlooks the Andalusian Plain from its site on a ridge of the Sierra de los Alcores. It originated as Carmo, the strongest town of the Roman province ...
Carmona, Antonio Oscar de Fragoso: Portuguese general and statesman who rose to political prominence in the wake of the successful military revolt of 1926 and who, as president of Portugal from 1928 to 1951, served as a symbol of continuity during the regime (1932-68) of ...
Carnac: village, Morbihan departement, Bretagne region, western France, near the Atlantic coast, just southwest of Auray. It is the site of more than 3,000 prehistoric stone monuments. The single stone menhirs and multistone dolmens were hewn from local ...
carnallite: a soft, white halide mineral, hydrated potassium and magnesium chloride (KMgCl₃·6H₂O), that is a source of potassium for fertilizers. Carnallite occurs with other chloride minerals in the upper layers of marine salt deposits, where it appears to be an alteration ...
Carnap, Rudolf: German-born U.S. philosopher of Logical Positivism. He made important contributions to logic, the analysis of language, the theory of probability, and the philosophy of science.