Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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cardiology ... Carlile, Richard

cardiology: medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the heart. Cardiology first became a specialized field of study when Jean Baptiste de Senac in 1749 published a summary of contemporary knowledge of the heart. This ...
cardiopulmonary resuscitation: emergency procedure designed to restore normal breathing and circulation after such traumas as cardiac arrest and drowning. CPR involves clearing the air passages to the lungs and carrying out external heart massage by the exertion of pressure on the chest.
cardiovascular disease: any of the diseases, whether congenital or acquired, of the heart and blood vessels. Among the most important are atherosclerosis, rheumatic heart disease, and vascular inflammation. Cardiovascular diseases constitute one of the major human health problems of modern times.
cardiovascular system: in humans, organ system that conveys blood through vessels to and from all parts of the body, carrying nutrients and oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. It is a closed tubular system in which the blood ...
Cardis, Treaty of: (1661), peace settlement between Russia and Sweden, ending the war begun in 1656 and maintaining the territorial accords of the earlier Treaty of Stolbovo. See Stolbovo, Treaty of.
cardoon: (Cynara cardunculus), thistlelike perennial herb of the family Asteraceae, native to southern Europe and North Africa, where it is used as a vegetable. Its blanched inner leaves and stalk (called the chard, though not to be confused with Swiss chard, ...
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique: Brazilian sociologist, teacher, and politician who was president of Brazil from 1995 to 2003.
Cardozo, Benjamin Nathan: American jurist, a creative common-law judge and legal essayist who influenced a trend in American appellate judging toward greater involvement with public policy and a consequent modernization of legal principles. Generally a liberal, he was less concerned with ideology than ...
Cardston: town, southwestern Alberta, Canada, on Lee Creek, near the U.S. (Montana) border, 47 miles (75 km) southwest of Lethbridge. Founded by Mormons from Utah in 1887, it was named for Charles Ora Card (Brigham Young's son-in-law), who led the wagon ...
Carducci, Bartolommeo: Italian-born painter, architect, and sculptor who was active in Spain.
Carducci, Giosue: Italian poet, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906, and one of the most influential literary figures of his age.
Carducci, Vincenzo: Italian-born painter.
Carduelidae: songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of about 112 species of gregarious songbirds found in woodlands and brushlands worldwide, except in the Pacific Islands.
Cardwell, Edward Cardwell, Viscount: British statesman who, as secretary of state for war (1868-74), was considered to be the greatest British military reformer of the 19th century, modernizing the organization and equipment of the British army in the face of strenuous opposition at home.
CARE: international aid and development organization that operates in some 35 countries worldwide.
Careme, Marie-Antoine: chef who served the royalty of Europe and wrote several classics of cuisine.
Carew, Richard: English scholar and antiquary known especially for a history of Cornwall that gives an interesting picture of a country gentleman's life about 1600.
Carew, Rod: professional American League baseball player who was one of the great hitters of his generation.
Carew, Thomas: English poet and first of the Cavalier song writers.
Carey, George: archbishop of Canterbury from 1991 to 2002, theologian noted for his evangelical beliefs.
Carey, Henry: English poet, playwright, and musician chiefly remembered for his ballads, especially "Sally in Our Alley," which appeared in a collection of his best poems set to music, called The Musical Century (1737). Despite the popularity of his work, Carey suffered ...
Carey, Henry C.: American economist and sociologist, often called the founder of the American school of economics, widely known in his day as an advocate of trade barriers.
Carey, Peter: Australian writer known for use of the surreal in his stories.
Carey, Ron: American labour leader and general president, from 1991 to 1997, of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT), the first Teamsters president elected by direct vote of rank-and-file members.
Carey, William: founder of the English Baptist Missionary Society (1792), lifelong missionary to India, and educator whose mission at Serampur set the pattern for modern missionary work. He has been called the "father of Bengali prose" for his grammars, dictionaries, and translations.
Careysburg: city, western Liberia, western Africa. It was first settled in 1859 by freed North American slaves (mainly from Barbados and the United States); the town, named for the Reverend Lott Carey (an American black who settled in Monrovia), is inhabited ...
cargo cult: any of the religious movements chiefly, but not solely, in Melanesia that exhibit belief in the imminence of a new age of blessing, to be initiated by the arrival of a special "cargo" of goods from supernatural sources-based on the ...
Caria: ancient district of southwestern Anatolia. One of the most thoroughly Hellenized districts, its territory included Greek cities along its Aegean shore and a mountainous interior bounded by Lydia in the north and by Phrygia and Lycia in the east. The ...
Carian language: ancient language spoken in the southernmost area of western Anatolia. The language is known primarily from the more than 100 Carian graffiti that were left by Carian mercenaries who served in Egypt. Clay tablets and monumental inscriptions in the language ...
Carib: American Indian people who inhabited the Lesser Antilles and parts of the neighbouring South American coast at the time of the Spanish conquest. Their name was given to the Caribbean Sea, and its Arawakan equivalent is the origin of the ...
Cariban languages: a group of South American Indian languages that were spoken before the Spanish conquest from what is now the Greater Antilles to the central Mato Grosso in Brazil; most of the languages, however, were spoken north of the Amazon River ...
Caribbean Community and Common Market: organization of Caribbean nations and dependencies that was established in 1973 by the Treaty of Chaguaramas. It replaced the former Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta), which had become effective in 1968. The treaty spurred the development of associate institutions, including ...
Caribbean Current: powerful surface oceanic current passing west through the Caribbean Sea, then north through the Yucatan Channel, and finally east out the Straits of Florida to form the Florida Current. The warm Caribbean Current, derived from the junction of the North ...
Caribbean literature: literary works of the Caribbean area written in Spanish, French, or English. The literature of the Caribbean has no indigenous tradition. The pre-Columbian American Indians left few rock carvings or inscriptions (petroglyphs), and their oral traditions did not survive 16th-century ...
Caribbean Sea: suboceanic basin of the western Atlantic Ocean, lying between 9° to 22° N and 89° to 60° W. It is approximately 1,063,000 square miles (2,754,000 square kilometres) in extent. To the south it is bounded by the coasts of Venezuela, ...
Cariboo Mountains: range in eastern British Columbia, Canada, forming the northern subdivision of the Columbia Mountains. The Cariboo Mountains lie within an area enclosed by the great bend of the Fraser River and its tributary, the North Thompson. The mountains extend for ...
Cariboo Road: wagon trail that was constructed (1862-65) in the Fraser River valley, in southern British Columbia, Canada, to serve the Cariboo gold rush. The trail extended more than 400 miles (644 km) from Yale, at the head of steamboat navigation on ...
Caribou: city, Aroostook county, northeastern Maine, U.S. It lies along the Aroostook River, near the New Brunswick border, 13 miles (21 km) north of Presque Isle. Settled in 1824, it developed as a lumbering centre and was incorporated in 1859 as ...
caribou: in North America, a native species of reindeer (q.v.).
caricature and cartoon: in graphic art, comically distorted drawing or likeness, done with the purpose of satirizing or ridiculing its subject. Cartoons are used today primarily for conveying political commentary and editorial opinion in newspapers and for social comedy and visual wit in ...
caries: cavity or decay of a tooth, a localized disease that begins at the surface of the tooth and may progress through the dentine into the pulp cavity. It is believed that the action of microorganisms in the mouth on ingested ...
carillon: musical instrument consisting of at least 23 cast bronze bells in fixed suspension, tuned in chromatic order (i.e., in half steps) and capable of concordant harmony when sounded together. Customarily located in a tower, it is played from a clavier, ...
Carinus: Roman emperor from AD 283 to 285.
Carisbrooke: locality on the Isle of Wight, historic county of Hampshire, England. It lies just southwest of Newport. The locality's chief landmark is a great castle on a steep hill that shows three main periods of building-Roman, Norman, and Elizabethan. The ...
Carissimi, Giacomo: one of the greatest Italian composers of the 17th century, chiefly notable for his oratorios and secular cantatas.
Carl XVI Gustaf: king of Sweden from 1973.
Carleton College: private coeducational, nonsectarian institution of higher learning in Northfield, Minnesota, U.S., about 40 miles (65 km) south of Minneapolis. In 1866 the Minnesota Conference of Congregational Churches founded Northfield College, and in 1870 the first college class was held. The ...
Carleton, Mount: highest point (2,680 feet [817 m]) in the Maritime Provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island) of Canada, 70 miles (110 km) east of Edmundston, N.B., near Nictau and Nepisiguit lakes. Structurally it is a monadnock, or erosional ...
Carleton, William: prolific writer who realistically portrayed the life of the rural Irish.
Carletonville: town, principal mining centre of the Far West Witwatersrand goldfields, North-West province, north-central South Africa, west of Johannesburg. Carletonville was originally an unplanned settlement established between 1937 and 1957 as various companies developed their gold-mining claims. In 1959 it was ...
Carlile, Richard: Radical English journalist who was a notable champion of the freedom of the press. Although convinced that the free propagation of ideas was more important than specific reforms, he was an early advocate of almost all the Radical causes of ...