| | - backpacking
- recreational activity of hiking while carrying clothing, food, and camping equipment in a pack on the back. Originally, in the early 20th century, backpacking was practiced in the wilderness as a means of getting to areas inaccessible by car or ...
- backsaw
- (from the article "saw") Among the saws that are neither loops nor disks are three of the most common hand saws used by the carpenter: the ripsaw, the crosscut saw, and the backsaw. The first two have roughly triangular blades about 50 cm (20 ...
- backshore
- (from the article "coastal landforms") ...profile typically can be divided into two distinct parts: (1) the seaward and relatively steep sloping foreshore, which is essentially the intertidal beach, and (2) the landward, nearly horizontal backshore. Beach profiles take on two different appearances, depending on conditions ...
- backstaff
- (from the article "navigation") ...observer to look directly into the Sun. Coloured shades were fitted to the crosspiece, but the decisive improvement was made in 1594 by the English navigator John Davis. His instrument, called the backstaff because it was used with the observer's ...
- backstroke
- (from the article "swimming") The backstroke began to develop early in the 20th century. In this stroke, the swimmer's body position is supine, the body being held as flat and streamlined as possible. The arms reach alternately above the head and enter the water ...
- backup intercept control system
- (from the article "warning system") ...or foe (IFF) equipment constitute the forward elements of complex systems that have appeared throughout the world. Examples include the semiautomatic ground environment (SAGE), augmented by a mobile backup intercept control system called BUIC in the United States, NATO air ...
- Backus, Isaac
- controversial American religious leader and historian.
- Backus, John Warner
- American computer scientist led the team at IBM that during the 1950s designed FORTRAN (formula translation), the first important algorithmic language for computers and the most continuously used high-level language in information technology. The development of FORTRAN was instrumental ... [2 Related Articles]
- Backus, Robert
- American weight thrower who dominated his sport during the 1950s; he won seven consecutive Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) titles in the 25.4-kg (56-lb) weight throw (1953-59) and captured an eighth title in the event in 1965; he won six consecutive ...
- backward dive
- (from the article "diving") ...forward dives, in which the person faces the water, dives out from the edge of the board or platform, and rotates forward one-half or more turns before entering the water. The second comprises the backward dives, in which the diver ...
- backward pawn
- (from the article "chess") ...rooks adjoining open files along which to attack. A pawn on an open file whose advance is restrained by an enemy pawn on an adjoining file and that is unguardable by any other pawn is termed a backward pawn. Two ...
- Bacolod
- city, northwestern portion of the island of Negros, Philippines. On a coastal plain washed by Guimaras Strait, it lies opposite Guimaras Island and has been called the Philippine sugar capital because of its central location within the nation's most important ...
- bacon
- a side of a pig that, after removal of the spare ribs, is cured, either dry or in pickle, and smoked. Some varieties, notably Canadian bacon, are cut from the loin portion of the pork, which is more lean.
- Bacon's Rebellion
- (from the article "race") ...ate together, played together, and frequently ran away together. Moreover, the poor of all colours protested together against the policies of the government (at least 25 percent of the rebels in Bacon's Rebellion [1676] were blacks, both servants and freedmen). ...
- Bacon, Albion Fellows
- American reformer and writer, remembered largely for her campaigns to improve public housing standards.
- Bacon, Delia Salter
- American writer who developed the theory, still subscribed to by some, that Francis Bacon and others were the true authors of the works attributed to William Shakespeare.
- Bacon, Edmund Norwood
- American urban planner (b. May 2, 1910, Philadelphia, Pa.-d. Oct. 14, 2005, Philadelphia), revitalized Philadelphia as executive director of the City Planning Commission (1949-70). During his tenure he oversaw the development of Penn Center, a downtown project of office buildings, ...
- Bacon, Francis
- British painter whose powerful, predominantly figural images express isolation, brutality, and terror. [2 Related Articles]
- Bacon, Francis Thomas
- British engineer who developed the first practical hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, which convert air and fuel directly into electricity through electrochemical processes. [1 Related Articles]
- Bacon, Francis, Viscount Saint Alban (or Albans), Baron of Verulam
- lord chancellor of England (1618-21). A lawyer, statesman, philosopher, and master of the English tongue, he is remembered in literary terms for the sharp worldly wisdom of a few dozen essays; by students of constitutional history for his power as ... [30 Related Articles]
- Bacon, Henry
- American architect, best-known as the designer of the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C. [1 Related Articles]
- Bacon, James
- (from the article "Tasmania") ...state was struck by tragedy in 1996, when an assassin killed 35 people in Port Arthur. Indifferent performance by successive Liberal governments led in 1998 to a decisive ALP electoral victory under James ("Jim") Bacon; during his six-year tenure, Bacon ...
- Bacon, John
- American clergyman, legislator, and judge who was an early advocate of civil and religious liberty.
- Bacon, John
- British Neoclassical sculptor who perfected certain sculpturing techniques. [1 Related Articles]
- Bacon, John
- (from the article "Western sculpture") ...sculpture at the Royal Academy and one of the few British artists of the period with an international reputation. The last generation of Neoclassicists included the sculptors Sir Richard Westmacott, John Bacon the Younger, Sir Francis Chantrey, Edward Hodges Baily, ...
- Bacon, John M.
- (from the article "balloon flight") In 1903 the Rev. John M. Bacon invented the forerunner of the modern hot-air balloon in England. While coal gas was plentiful and inexpensive locally, expeditionary forces had severe logistic problems with producing hydrogen in the field or transporting heavy ...
- Bacon, Kevin
- (from the article "Performing Arts") Among the best work of newer directors, Nicole Kassell's The Woodsman was a compassionate story of a man (sensitively played by Kevin Bacon) battling to resist his pedophilic inclinations. John Curran's We Don't Live Here Anymore was a mature, intelligent, ...
- Bacon, Nathaniel
- Virginia planter and leader of Bacon's Rebellion. His wife's disinheritance (her father opposed her marriage) and his involvement in a plan to defraud a neighbour of his inheritance contributed to Bacon's decision to migrate to North America. Financed by his ... [2 Related Articles]
- Bacon, Roger
- English Franciscan philosopher and educational reformer who was a major medieval proponent of experimental science. Bacon studied mathematics, astronomy, optics, alchemy, and languages. He was the first European to describe in detail the process of making gunpowder, and he proposed ... [12 Related Articles]
- Bacon, Sir Nicholas
- high official in the government of Queen Elizabeth I and father of the renowned philosopher Francis Bacon.
- Baconian method
- methodical observation of facts as a means of studying and interpreting natural phenomena. This essentially empirical method was formulated early in the 17th century by Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, as a scientific substitute for the prevailing systems of thought, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Baconthorpe, John
- English theologian and philosopher who, although he did not subscribe to the heterodox doctrine of the great Muslim philosopher Averroes, was regarded by the Renaissance Averroists as Princeps Averroistarum ("the prince of the Averroists"), and who strongly influenced the Carmelite ...
- Bacovia, George
- (from the article "Romanian literature") ...Dobrogeanu Gherea's theories followed Karl Marx, although Western modernism also influenced Romanian writers. Ovid Densusianu clearly followed Symbolism, as did the poets Ion Minulescu and George Bacovia (G. Vasiliu), while Impressionism was taken up by literary critic Eugen Lovinescu and ...
- Bacs-Kiskun
- megye (county), southern Hungary. The largest county in Hungary, Bacs-Kiskun extends eastward from the Danube to the Tisza River. It is bordered by the counties of Pest to the north, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok to the northeast, and Csongrad to the east; by ...
- bacteremia
- the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, whether associated with active disease or not. The transient bacteremia that follows dental manipulation or surgical procedures may have little significance in the otherwise healthy individual with a functioning immune system. By contrast, ... [3 Related Articles]
- bacteria
- any of a group of microscopic single-celled organisms that live in enormous numbers in almost every environment on the surface of Earth, from deep-sea vents to the digestive tracts of humans. [71 Related Articles]
- bacterial conjunctivitis
- (from the article "conjunctivitis") ...through a person's own nasal or sinus mucosa. Eye discharge is generally thick and coloured, as opposed to the watery discharge of viral conjunctivitis. The organisms most commonly responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis in humans are Staphylococcus,
- bacterial endocarditis
- (from the article "endocarditis") Traditionally, infective endocarditis has been classified as acute or subacute. Acute infective endocarditis generally is caused by Staphylococcus, Pneumococcus, or Gonococcus bacteria or by fungi. This form of endocarditis develops rapidly, with fever, malaise, and...formation of antigen-antibody complexes
- bacterial growth curve
- (from the article "bacteria") Growth of bacterial cultures is defined as an increase in the number of bacteria in a population rather than in the size of individual cells. The growth of a bacterial population occurs in a geometric or exponential manner: with each ...
- bacterial meningitis
- (from the article "meningitis") Bacterial meningitis usually has three main stages. At first, the bacteria multiply in the nasal passages and throat, often causing no painful symptoms. Next, they invade the blood, introducing toxic substances into the circulation and causing fever; if the infection ...
- bacterial myositis
- (from the article "muscle disease") Bacterial myositis, an inflammation of muscle tissues as the result of a bacterial infection, is commonly localized and occurs after an injury. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus organisms are usually responsible. General indications of infection, such as fever and increased numbers of ...
- bacterial toxin
- (from the article "poison") The prefixes "exo-" and "endo-" are retained in classifying the bacterial toxins mainly for historical reasons rather than because they are found either outside or inside the bacterial cell. The main differences in these toxins lie in their chemical structure.
- bacterial wilt
- (from the article "wilt") Bacterial wilt, caused by numerous species of the genera Corynebacterium, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, and Xanthomonas, induces stunting, wilting, and withering, starting usually with younger leaves. Stems, which often shrivel and wither, show discoloured water-conducting tissue. A bacterial ooze is often evident ...
- bacteriochlorophyll
- (from the article "coloration") ...was probably the first step in the evolution of self-sustaining life. Chlorophyll exists in several forms. Chlorophylls a and b are the chief forms in higher plants and green algae; bacteriochlorophyll is found in certain photosynthetic bacteria.
- Bacteriodes fragilis
- (from the article "bacteria") ...they are closed off and protected from the immune system, as occurs in the boils in the skin formed by staphylococci and the cavities in the lungs formed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bacteroides fragilis is the most numerous inhabitant of the ...
- Bacteriological Weapons Convention of 1972
- (from the article "war, law of") This principle explains, to some extent, the prohibition on the use of certain weapons. Hence, the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons was banned by the 1925 Geneva Protocol. By the Bacteriological Weapons Convention of 1972, states party to it ...
- bacteriology
- branch of microbiology dealing with the study of bacteria. [8 Related Articles]
- bacteriophage
- any of a group of viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages were discovered independently by Frederick W. Twort in Great Britain (1915) and Felix d'Herelle in France (1917). D'Herelle coined the term bacteriophage, meaning "bacteria eater," to describe the agent's bacteriocidal ... [12 Related Articles]
- bacteriorhodopsin
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") ...molecules. Valentyn Prokhorenko of the University of Toronto and colleagues investigated whether the wave property of matter could influence the chemistry of retinal, a molecule in the protein bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin is found in the rods of the eye, and the ...
- bacteriostatic
- (from the article "sulfa drug") Sulfa drugs are bacteriostatic; i.e., they inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria but do not kill them. They act by interfering with the synthesis of folic acid (folate), a member of the vitamin B complex present in all living ...
- Bactria
- ancient country lying between the mountains of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River) in what is now part of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Bactria was especially important between about 600 BC and about AD 600, serving ... [13 Related Articles]
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