| | - ale gallon
- (from the article "measurement system") ...being 18.5 inches wide throughout and 8 inches deep." Similarly, in 1707 the wine gallon was defined as a round measure with an even bottom and containing 231 cubic inches; however, the ale gallon was retained at 282 cubic inches. ...
- Alea, Tomas Gutierrez
- ("TITON"), Cuban filmmaker (b. Dec. 11, 1928, Havana, Cuba--d. April 16, 1996, Havana), worked within the stringencies of revolutionary Cuba to satirize bureaucracy. Regarded as the nation's finest director, he stimulated the Cuban film industry as one of the leaders ...
- Aleandro, Girolamo
- cardinal and Humanist who was an important opponent of the Lutheran Reformation. [1 Related Articles]
- Aleardi, Aleardo, Conte
- poet, patriot, and political figure, an archetype of the 19th-century Italian poet-patriots. His love poems and passionate diatribes against the Austrian government brought him renown. [1 Related Articles]
- aleatory music
- (aleatory from Latin alea, "dice"), 20th-century music in which chance or indeterminate elements are left for the performer to realize. The term is a loose one, describing compositions with strictly demarcated areas for improvisation according to specific ... [9 Related Articles]
- Alechinsky, Pierre
- (from the article "COBRA") ...exhibition was held in 1951 at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Liege, Belgium. COBRA included among its members Karel Appel, Corneille (Corneille Guillaume Beverloo), Constant (Nieuwenhuis), Pierre Alechinsky, Lucebert (Lubertus Jacobus Swaanswijk), and Jean Atlan. Influenced by poetry, film, folk ...
- Alecsandri, Vasile
- lyric poet and dramatist, the first collector of Romanian popular songs to emphasize their aesthetic values and a leader of the movement for the union of the Romanian principalities. [1 Related Articles]
- Alectoria
- (from the article "fungus") ...prevail among forms with highly developed thalli. Lecanora and Lecidea, for example, have individual algal cells with as many as five haustoria that may extend to the cell centre. Alectoria and Cladonia have haustoria that do not penetrate far beyond ...
- Alectura lathami
- (from the article "galliform") ...the tongue. The mound is maintained within a degree or two of 33 °C (91 °F) throughout the period of several months that there are eggs in it. Observations of one species of brush turkey, Alectura lathami, indicate that the ...
- Alegre, Caetano da Costa
- first significant black African poet writing in Portuguese to deal with the theme of blackness. He was the literary ancestor to the later, more vehement modern poets.
- Alegre, Manuel
- (from the article "Portugal") ...as former centre-right prime minister Anibal Cavaco Silva battled with two Socialist candidates-former prime minister and president Mario Soares and Socialist Party stalwart Manuel Alegre, who ran as an Independent-in the late-January vote to replace Socialist Pres. Jorge Sampaio, who ...
- Alegria, Ciro
- Peruvian novelist who wrote about the lives of the Peruvian Indians.
- Alegria, Claribel
- poet, essayist, and journalist who was a major voice in the literature of contemporary Central America. Noted for her testimonio (testament) concerning the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua, she was best known in the United States for the bilingual edition of ...
- alehouse
- (from the article "tavern") The hostelries of Roman England were derived from the cauponae and the tabernae of Rome itself. These were followed by alehouses, which were run by women (alewives) and marked by a broom stuck out above the door. The English inns ...
- Aleijadinho
- prolific and influential Brazilian sculptor and architect whose Rococo statuary and religious articles complement the dramatic sobriety of his churches. [7 Related Articles]
- Aleixandre, Vicente
- Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of 1927, who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1977. He was strongly influenced by the Surrealist technique of poetic composition. [2 Related Articles]
- Alekan, Henri
- French cinematographer (b. Feb. 10, 1909, Paris, France-d. June 15, 2001, Auxerre, France), was one of the most accomplished filmmakers of the 20th century. After working for a time as a puppeteer, Alekan broke into the film industry as an ...
- Alekhine, Alexander
- world champion chess player from 1927 to 1935 and from 1937 until his death, noted for using a great variety of attacks. [3 Related Articles]
- Alekna, Virgilijus
- (from the article "Lithuania") Lithuanians were proud of discus-thrower Virgilijus Alekna, who succeeded in winning gold once again at the European athletics championships in Goteborg, Swed., in August. Alekna had dominated his sport in the world championships and Olympics for several years.BRITANNICA BOOK ...
- Aleksandrov, Pavel Sergeevich
- Russian mathematician who made important contributions to topology. [1 Related Articles]
- Aleksandrov, Todor
- (from the article "Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization") Under Todor Aleksandrov, however, IMRO reestablished itself as an influential factor in Balkan politics, particularly by participating in the overthrow and assassination of Bulgaria's prime minister Aleksandur Stamboliyski (June 1923), who had tried to ease relations with other Balkan states. ...
- Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky
- city, Sakhalin oblast (province), far-eastern Russia, on the western coast of Sakhalin Island. It was founded in 1881 as a centre for penal settlements. In 1890 the writer Anton Chekhov lived there while gathering material about convict life for his ...
- Alekseevskoe
- (from the article "Central Asian arts") ...Afanasyevskaya in the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Although found to the southwest of Krasnoyarsk, it is more frequently encountered in western Siberia and Kazakhstan. The settlement and cemetery of Alekseevskoe (present Tenlyk), some 400 miles (600 kilometres) south of ...
- Alekseyev Circle
- (from the article "Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeyevich") ...was the daughter of a French actress. Stanislavsky first appeared on his parents' amateur stage at age 14 and subsequently joined the dramatic group that was organized by his family and called the Alekseyev Circle. Although initially an awkward performer, ...
- Alekseyev, Mikhail Vasilyevich
- commander in chief of the Russian Army for two months in World War I and a military and political leader of the White (anti-Bolshevik) forces in the Russian Civil War that followed the Russian Revolution of October 1917. [1 Related Articles]
- Alekseyev, Vasily Ivanovich
- Soviet superheavyweight weightlifter who between 1970 and 1978 set 80 world records and won two Olympic gold medals. [1 Related Articles]
- Aleksin
- city, Tula oblast (province), western Russia, on the Oka River, 40 miles (65 km) northwest of Tula city. Aleksin, first documented in 1236, was at first a fortress, then a river port. The decline of river trade adversely affected the ...
- Aleman Lacayo, Arnoldo
- (from the article "Nicaragua") Former president Arnoldo Aleman's sentence for corruption was modified in March to allow him unlimited travel throughout the country. In July, however, a Panamanian judge ordered Aleman and Byron Jerez, Aleman's former revenue minister, to appear in court for money-laundering ...
- Aleman, Mateo
- novelist, a master stylist best known for his early, highly popular picaresque novel, Guzman de Alfarache.
- Aleman, Miguel
- president of Mexico from 1946 to 1952. [1 Related Articles]
- Alemanni
- a Germanic people first mentioned in connection with the Roman attack on them in AD 213. In the following decades, their pressure on the Roman provinces became severe; they occupied the Agri Decumates c. 260, and late in the 5th ... [12 Related Articles]
- Alemannic
- (from the article "German language") Alemannic dialects, which developed in the southwestern part of the Germanic speech area, differ considerably in sound system and grammar from standard High German. These dialects are spoken in Switzerland, western Austria, Swabia, and Liechtenstein and in the Alsace region ...
- Alembert, Jean Le Rond d'
- French mathematician, philosopher, and writer, who achieved fame as a mathematician and scientist before acquiring a considerable reputation as a contributor to and editor of the famous Encyclopedie. [16 Related Articles]
- Alencar, Jose de
- journalist, novelist, and playwright whose novel O Guarani (1857; "The Guarani Indian") initiated the vogue of the Brazilian Indianista novel (romantic tales of indigenous life incorporating vocabulary of Amerindian origin referring to flora, fauna, and tribal customs). O Guarani, which ... [2 Related Articles]
- Alencon
- town, Orne departement, Basse-Normandie region, northwestern France. Alencon lies at the juncture of the Sarthe and Briante rivers, in the centre of a plain ringed by wooded hills. It is known for its tulle ...
- Alencon lace
- needle lace made in the French city of Alencon, one of the centres designated by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, minister of finance under Louis XIV, for aid in his effort to make French laces financially and artistically competitive with imported laces. Venetian ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alencon, Jean, duc d'
- (from the article "Joan of Arc, Saint") ...she wished to go to battle against the English and that she would have him crowned at Reims. On the Dauphin's orders she was immediately interrogated by ecclesiastical authorities in the presence of Jean, duc d'Alencon, a relative of Charles, ...
- Aleni, Giulio
- Jesuit priest who was the first Christian missionary in the province of Kiangsi, China.
- Alentejo
- region and historical province of south-central Portugal. It lies southeast of the Tagus (Tejo) River and is bounded on the east by the Spanish frontier and on the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. It is an almost featureless tableland of ... [1 Related Articles]
- alentours tapestry
- (from the article "tapestry") ...Francois Boucher (1703-70), the outstanding artist-director of the 18th century. Boucher and Charles-Antoine Coypel (1694-1752), a Rococo painter, designed many of the popular alentours tapestries, in which the central subject, presented as a painting bordered by a frame simulating gilded ...
- alenu
- (Hebrew: "it is our duty"), the opening word of an extremely old Jewish prayer, which has been recited at the end of the three periods of daily prayer since the European Middle Ages. The first section of the 'alenu is ... [1 Related Articles]
- Aleotti, Giovanni Battista
- (from the article "Farnese, Teatro") ...Baroque theatre at Parma, Italy, the prototype of the modern playhouse and the first surviving theatre with a permanent proscenium arch. Construction on the Teatro Farnese was begun in 1618 by Giovanni Battista Aleotti for Ranuccio I Farnese, and it ...
- aleph-null
- (from the article "logic, history of") ...known as the "continuum hypothesis" was consistent with the other axioms of ZF, and whether it was independent of them. The continuum hypothesis states that between ℵ0 (aleph-null; the "smallest" infinite cardinality, on the order of the integers) and its ...
- Aleppo
- principal city of northern Syria. It is situated in the northwestern part of the country, about 30 miles (50 km) south of the Turkish border. Aleppo is located at the crossroads of great commercial routes and lies some 60 miles ... [10 Related Articles]
- Aleppo Codex
- (from the article "biblical literature") The outstanding event in the history of that system was the production of the model so-called Aleppo Codex, now in Jerusalem. Written by Solomon ben Buya'a, it was corrected, punctuated, and furnished with a Masoretic apparatus by Aaron ben Moses ...
- Aleppo earthquake of 1138
- earthquake, among the deadliest ever recorded, that struck the Syrian city of Aleppo (Halab) on Oct. 11, 1138. The city suffered extensive damage, and it is estimated that 230,000 people were killed.
- Aleppo gall
- (from the article "gallic acid") ...in the free state or combined as gallotannin. It is present to the extent of 40-60 percent combined as gallotannic acid in tara (any of various plants of the genus Caesalpinia) and in Aleppo and Chinese galls (swellings of plant ...
- Aleppo oak
- (from the article "oak") ...and bur oak (q.v.; Q. macrocarpa) form picturesque oak groves locally in the Midwest. Many oaks native to the Mediterranean area have economic value: galls produced on the twigs of the Aleppo oak (Q. infectoria) are a source of Aleppo ...
- Aleppo, Great Mosque of
- (from the article "Zangid Dynasty") ...themselves in Sinjar, west of Mosul, in 1170 and ruled there for about 50 years. The Ayyubids completed several architectural works begun by the Zangids. The most noteworthy is the Great Mosque in Aleppo, completed in 1190. The building, a ...
- alerce
- (species Fitzroya cupressoides), coniferous tree that is the only species of the genus Fitzroya, of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), native to southern Chile and southern Argentina. In the wild it grows to become one of the oldest and largest trees ...
- Alert
- (from the article "Ellesmere Island") ...northerly point of Canada, and Barbeau Peak, at an elevation of 8,583 feet (2,616 metres), is the highest point in Nunavut. Settlements, all quite small, include Eureka, Grise Ford (Aujuittuq), and Alert, a weather station and military outpost that is ...
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