Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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Anthony III Studite ... antideuteron

Anthony III Studite: Greek Orthodox monk and patriarch of Constantinople (reigned 974-979) who advocated the church's independence from the state. A theological writer, he collaborated in drawing up liturgical literature for Eastern Orthodox worship.
Anthony Lagoon: settlement, east-central Northern Territory, Australia, on the Barkly Tableland. Named for a permanent water hole in the course of Creswell Creek, sighted in 1878 by Ernest Favenc, it became an important watering point on a cattle route from Western Australia ...
Anthony Melissa: Byzantine monk, author whose collection of teachings and maxims taken from Sacred Scripture, early Christian writers, and secular authors promoted a popular Greek Orthodox tradition of moral-ascetical practice.
Anthony Of Bourbon: king of Navarre, duke of Vendome, and father of Henry IV of France.
Anthony of Egypt, Saint: religious hermit and one of the earliest monks, considered the founder and father of organized Christian monasticism. His rule represented one of the first attempts to codify guidelines for monastic living.
Anthony of Kiev: founder of Russian monasticism through the introduction of the Greek Orthodox ideal of the contemplative life.
Anthony Of Novgorod: monk and archbishop of Novgorod, Russia (1211-c. 1231), noted for his political and commercial diplomacy with the West and for the earliest cultural and architectural chronicle of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and a resume of the Greek Orthodox liturgy at the ...
Anthony of Padua, Saint: Franciscan friar, doctor of the church, and patron of the poor. Baptized Ferdinand, he joined the Augustinian canons (1210) and probably became a priest. In 1220 he joined the Franciscan order, hoping to preach to the Saracens and be martyred. ...
Anthony Of Tagrit: Syrian Orthodox theologian and writer, a principal contributor to the development of Syriac literature and poetry.
Anthony, Katharine: American biographer best known for The Lambs (1945), a controversial study of the British writers Charles and Mary Lamb. The greater portion of her work examined the lives of notable American women.
Anthony, Michael: West Indian author of novels, short stories, and travelogues about domestic life in his homeland of Trinidad. Written in a sparse style, his works were often coming-of-age stories featuring young protagonists from his native village of Mayaro.
Anthony, Susan B.: pioneer crusader for the woman suffrage movement in the United States and president (1892-1900) of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Her work helped pave the way for the Nineteenth Amendment (1920) to the Constitution, giving women the right to ...
Anthony, William Arnold: physicist and pioneer in the teaching of electrical engineering in the United States.
anthophyllite: an amphibole mineral, a magnesium and iron silicate that occurs in altered rocks, such as the crystalline schists of Kongsberg, Nor., southern Greenland, and Pennsylvania. Anthophyllite is commonly produced by regional metamorphism of ultrabasic rocks. Because its fibres have a ...
anthracene: a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in coal tar and used as a starting material for the manufacture of dyestuffs and in scintillation counters. Crude anthracene crystallizes from a high-boiling coal-tar fraction. It is purified by recrystallization and sublimation. Oxidation yields ...
anthracite: most highly metamorphosed variety of coal. It contains more fixed carbon (about 90 to 98 percent) than any other form of coal and the lowest amount of volatile matter (less than 8 percent), giving it the greatest calorific, or heat, ...
anthracnose: plant disease of warm humid areas that infects a variety of plants from trees to grasses. It is caused by certain fungi (usually Colletotrichum or Gloeosporium) producing spores in tiny, sunken, saucer-shaped fruiting bodies (acervuli). Symptoms include sunken spots of ...
anthracosis: respiratory disorder, the early, usually nonsymptomatic stage of coal-workers' pneumoconiosis. See black lung.
anthraquinone: the most important quinone derivative of anthracene and the parent substance of a large class of dyes and pigments. It is prepared commercially by oxidation of anthracene or condensation of benzene and phthalic anhydride, followed by dehydration of the condensation ...
anthraquinone dye: any of a group of organic dyes having molecular structures based upon that of anthraquinone. The group is subdivided according to the methods best suited to their application to various fibres.
anthrax: acute, infectious, febrile disease of animals and humans caused by Bacillus anthracis, a bacterium that under certain conditions forms highly resistant spores capable of persisting and retaining their virulence for many years. Although anthrax most commonly affects grazing animals such ...
anthropological linguistics: study of the relationship between language and culture; it usually refers to work on languages that have no written records. In the United States a close relationship between anthropology and linguistics developed as a result of research by anthropologists into ...
anthropology: "the science of humanity," which studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species. Because of the diverse subject ...
anthropometry: the systematic collection and correlation of measurements of the human body. Now one of the principal techniques of physical anthropology, the discipline originated in the 19th century, when early studies of human biological and cultural evolution stimulated an interest in ...
anthropomorphism: the attribution of human form or other human characteristics to any nonhuman object. In religion, the term is applied to any statement that depicts the deity as having a bodily form resembling that of human beings, or as possessing qualities ...
anthroposophy: philosophy based on the premise that the human intellect has the ability to contact spiritual worlds. It was formulated by Rudolf Steiner (q.v.), an Austrian philosopher, scientist, and artist, who postulated the existence of a spiritual world comprehensible to pure ...
Anthrosol: one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Anthrosols are defined as any soils that have been modified profoundly by human activities, including burial, partial removal, cutting and filling, waste disposal, ...
Anthurium: genus of tropical American herbaceous plants, comprising about 600 species in the arum family (Araceae), many of which are popular foliage plants. A few species are widely grown for the florist trade for their showy, long-lasting blossoms, which consist of ...
Anti-Atlas: mountain range in Morocco running parallel to and southward of the central range of the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. Although it has a mean elevation of 5,000 feet (1,500 m), some peaks and passes exceed 6,000 feet (1,800 m). ...
Anti-Comintern Pact: agreement concluded first between Germany and Japan (Nov. 25, 1936) and then between Italy, Germany, and Japan (Nov. 6, 1937), ostensibly directed against the Communist International (Comintern) but, by implication, specifically against the Soviet Union.
Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia: umbrella organization established during World War II by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia to coordinate the military campaigns of Josip Broz Tito's Partisans and the administrative activities of local "liberation committees."
Anti-Federalists: in early U.S. history, a loose political coalition of popular politicians such as Patrick Henry who unsuccessfully opposed the strong central government envisioned in the U.S. Constitution of 1787 and whose agitations led to the addition of a Bill of ...
Anti-Lebanon Mountains: mountain range that runs northeast-southwest along the Syrian-Lebanese border parallel to the Lebanon Mountains, from which they are separated by the al-Biqa' Valley. The range averages 6,500 feet (2,000 m) above sea level, with several peaks exceeding 8,000 feet (2,400 ...
Anti-Masonic Movement: in the history of the United States, popular movement based on public indignation at and suspicion of the secret fraternal order known as the Masons, or Freemasons. Opponents of this society seized upon the uproar to create the Anti-Masonic Party. ...
Anti-Saloon League: the leading organization lobbying for prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century. It was founded as a state society in Ohio in 1893, but its influence spread rapidly, and in 1895 it became a national organization. It ...
anti-Semitism: hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious or racial group. The term anti-Semitism was coined in 1879 by the German agitator Wilhelm Marr to designate the anti-Jewish campaigns underway in central Europe at that time. Although this term ...
Anti-Suffragist, The: American periodical, from 1908 to 1912 the voice of a movement whose proponents opposed giving women the vote because they believed it contrary to nature.
antiaircraft gun: artillery piece that is fired from the ground or shipboard in defense against aerial attack. Antiaircraft weapons development began as early as 1910, when the airplane first became an effective weapon. In World War I, field artillery pieces up to ...
antiarch: any of an order of extinct, mainly freshwater, jawed fishes, class Placodermi, abundant during Middle and Late Devonian times (387 to 360 million years ago). Members of such genera as Bothriolepis and Pterichthys were representative. Antiarchs were small and weak-jawed ...
Antibes: port town, Alpes-Maritimes departement, Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur region, France, on the eastern side of the Garoupe Peninsula across the Baie des Anges (Bay of the Angels) from Nice. Originally Antipolis, a Greek trading post established by ...
antibiotic: chemical substance produced by a living organism, generally a microorganism, that is detrimental to other microorganisms.
antibody: a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen. Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens in order to remove them from the body. A wide range of substances are ...
anticholinesterase: any of several drugs that prevent destruction of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase within the nervous system. Acetylcholine acts to transmit nerve impulses within the parasympathetic nervous system-i.e., that part of the autonomic nervous system that tends to ...
Antichrist: the chief enemy of Christ. The earliest mention of the name Antichrist, which was probably first coined in Christian eschatological literature (concerned with the end of time), is in the letters of St. John (I John 2: 18, 22; II ...
anticlericalism: in Roman Catholicism, opposition to the clergy for its real or alleged influence in political and social affairs, for its doctrinairism, for its privileges or property, or for any other reason. Although the term has been used in Europe since ...
anticlimax: a figure of speech that consists of the usually sudden transition in discourse from a significant idea to a trivial or ludicrous one. Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock uses anticlimax liberally; an example isHere thou, great Anna, whom ...
anticoagulant: any drug that, when added to blood, prevents it from clotting. Anticoagulants achieve their effect by suppressing the synthesis or function of various clotting factors that are normally present in the blood. Such drugs are often used to prevent blood ...
Anticosti Island: island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, part of the Cote-Nord region, southeastern Quebec province, Canada. Covering 3,066 square miles (7,941 square km), the island is 140 miles (225 km) long, and ...
anticyclone: any large wind system occurring in regions outside the equatorial belt and rotating about a centre of high atmospheric pressure clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern. Its flow is the reverse of that of a cyclone ...
antidepressant: any member of a class of drugs used in psychiatry to relieve depression. Such a drug commonly belongs to one of three chemical types: a tricyclic antidepressant (so called because its molecules are composed of three rings), a monoamine oxidase ...
antideuteron: composite antiparticle consisting of an antiproton and an antineutron, first produced with a 30-GeV (giga-electron volt) synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, N.Y., in 1965. Having a charge of negative one unit and an atomic mass of two units, ...