| | - adenoiditis
- (from the article "childhood disease and disorder") Enlargement of the adenoids (lymphoid tissue in the nasal part of the pharynx) as a result of recurrent infection can result in mouth breathing and a so-called adenoidal facial appearance, the most conspicuous feature of which is the constantly open ...
- adenoids
- a mass of lymphatic tissue, similar to the (palatine) tonsils, that is attached to the back wall of the nasal pharynx (i.e., the upper part of the throat opening into the nasal cavity proper). An individual fold of such nasopharyngeal ... [3 Related Articles]
- adenoma
- (from the article "cancer") Just as adenoma designates a benign tumour of epithelial origin that takes on a glandlike structure, so adenocarcinoma designates a malignant epithelial tumour with a similar growth pattern. Usually the term is followed by ...
- adenosine deaminase deficiency
- (from the article "metabolic disease") Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency results in the accumulation of 2'-deoxyadenosine in the circulating white blood cells (lymphocytes). This, in turn, causes a decreased number of lymphocytes and a drastically increased susceptibility to infection (severe combined immunodeficiency, SCID). Bone marrow transplantation ...
- adenosine diphosphate
- (from the article "heterocyclic compound") Adenosine monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate (AMP, ADP, and ATP, respectively) are important participants in energy processes in the living cell. Each of the compounds is composed of the nucleotide base adenine linked to the sugar ribose, which in turn is ...
- adenosine monophosphate
- (from the article "heterocyclic compound") Adenosine monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate (AMP, ADP, and ATP, respectively) are important participants in energy processes in the living cell. Each of the compounds is composed of the nucleotide base adenine linked to the sugar ribose, which in turn is ...
- adenosine phosphosulfate
- (from the article "organosulfur compound") ...in the soil, which is reduced in the cell. In plants and bacteria that utilize sulfate as a source of sulfur, the first step in the reduction process is the formation of adenosine phosphosulfate (APS), since direct reduction of sulfate ...
- adenosine triphosphatase
- (from the article "cell") An enzyme called sodium-potassium-activated ATPase has been shown to be the sodium-potassium pump, the protein that transports the ions across the cell membrane while splitting ATP. Widely distributed in the animal kingdom and always associated with the cell membrane, this ...
- adenosine triphosphate
- energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things. ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. [39 Related Articles]
- adenovirus
- any virus belonging to the family Adenoviridae. This group of viruses was discovered in the 1950s and includes 6 genera and 47 species (formerly referred to as serotypes) that cause sore throat and fever in humans, hepatitis in dogs, and ... [6 Related Articles]
- adenyl cyclase
- (from the article "allosteric control") ...of itself. Other molecules act as activators; i.e., they interact with an enzyme so as to enhance the binding of the substrate to the enzyme, thus enhancing catalytic activity. The enzyme adenyl cyclase, itself activated by the hormone adrenaline (epinephrine), ...
- adenylic acid
- (from the article "Embden, Gustav Georg") Embden and his co-workers isolated several intermediate metabolic products from muscle tissue and discovered the important metabolic compound adenyl phosphoric acid, which is more commonly known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In all his work he emphasized the relationships between his ...
- Adeodatus
- (from the article "Augustine, Saint") ...after some soul-searching and apparent idleness, made his way back to his native town of Tagaste. There he passed the time as a cultured squire, looking after his family property, raising the son, Adeodatus, left him by his long-term lover ...
- Adeodatus II
- pope (672-676) who was the first pontiff to date events in terms of his reign, which began with his election on April 11, 672.
- Adequate Intake
- (from the article "nutrition, human") ...requirement of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy persons in a particular life stage. When the EAR, and thus the RDA, cannot be set due to insufficient scientific evidence, another parameter, the Adequate Intake (AI), is given, based on ...
- Ader Avion III
- monoplane designed, built, and first tested by the French aeronautical pioneer Clement Ader in 1897. For a table of pioneer aircraft, see history of flight.
- Ader Eole
- monoplane designed, built, and first tested by the French aeronautical pioneer Clement Ader in 1890. For a table of pioneer aircraft, see history of flight.
- Ader, Clement
- self-taught French engineer, inventor, and aeronautical pioneer. [2 Related Articles]
- ADFGVX cipher
- (from the article "cryptology") ...a biliteral cipher) in the ciphertext, which was then encrypted by a final transposition, known as superencryption. One of the most famous field ciphers of all time was a fractionation system, the ADFGVX cipher employed by the German army during ...
- Adham Khan
- (from the article "India") ...ability then followed in quick succession. Although not yet his own master, Akbar took a few momentous steps during that period. He conquered Malwa (1561) and marched rapidly to Sarangpur to punish Adham Khan, the captain in charge of the ...
- adhan
- (Arabic: "announcement"), the Muslim call to Friday public worship and to the five daily hours of prayer. It is proclaimed by the muezzin, a servant of the mosque chosen for good character, as he stands at the door or side ... [4 Related Articles]
- adharma
- (from the article "ajiva") ...or "living matter." Ajiva is divided into: (1) akasa, "space," (2) dharma, "that which makes motion possible," (3) adharma, "that which makes rest possible," and (4) pudgala, "matter." Pudgala consists of atoms; is eternal yet subject to change and development;...role ...
- Adhemar De Chabannes
- Frankish chronicler whose major work, Chronicon Aquitanicum et Francicum ("Chronicle of Aquitaine and France"), traces the history of Aquitaine and of the Franks from the times of the legendary king Pharamond. [1 Related Articles]
- Adhemar of Monteil
- French bishop, papal legate, and a leader of the First Crusade. [2 Related Articles]
- Adherbal
- (from the article "Jugurtha") After Micipsa's death in 118, Jugurtha shared the rule of Numidia with Micipsa's two sons, Hiempsal and Adherbal, the first of whom Jugurtha assassinated. When Adherbal was attacked by Jugurtha, he fled to Rome for aid-Rome's approval being required for ...
- adhering junction
- (from the article "cell") Cells subject to abrasion or other mechanical stress, such as those of the surface epithelia of the skin, have junctions that adhere cells to one another and to the extracellular matrix. These adhering junctions are called desmosomes when occurring between ...
- adhesion
- (from the article "ice in lakes and rivers") The supercooling of river water, while amounting to only a few hundredths of a degree Celsius or even less, provides the context for the particles to stick to one another, since under such conditions ice particles are inherently unstable and ...
- adhesive
- any substance that is capable of holding materials together in a functional manner by surface attachment that resists separation. "Adhesive" as a general term includes cement, mucilage, glue, and paste-terms that are often used interchangeably for any organic material that ... [10 Related Articles]
- adhesive tissue tape
- (from the article "therapeutics") ...a source of contamination and are used infrequently. Staples permit faster closure of the skin but are less precise than sutures. When the edges can be brought together easily and without tension, tape is very useful. Although it is comfortable, ...
- adhidaivata
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...Advaita (nondualist) Vedanta. The nirukta (etymology) of Yaska, a 5th-century- BC Sanskrit scholar, tells of various attempts to interpret difficult Vedic mythologies: the adhidaivata (pertaining to the deities), the aitihasika (pertaining to the tradition), the adhiyajna (pertaining to the sacrifices), ...
- Adhikari, Man Mohan
- Nepalese politician who dedicated most of his adult life to the fight against the monarchy and authoritarian rule; in 1994-95 he served as Nepal's first communist prime minister for about nine months, during which he initiated a number of reforms, ...
- adhipati-pratyaya
- (from the article "pratyaya") ...(3) the object as a cause (alambana-pratyaya), since the object present in the preceding moment becomes the cause of the mental activity for functioning; and (4) the superior cause (adhipati-pratyaya), which refers to all causes, except those stated above, that ...
- adhiyajna
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...scholar, tells of various attempts to interpret difficult Vedic mythologies: the adhidaivata (pertaining to the deities), the aitihasika (pertaining to the tradition), the adhiyajna (pertaining to the sacrifices), and the adhyatmika (pertaining to the spirit). Such interpretations apparently prevailed in ...
- Adhruh, arbitration of
- (from the article "fitnah") ...for vengeance on 'Uthman's death and questioned the validity of 'Ali's caliphate. Their confrontation in the Battle of Siffin (657), which the arbitration at Adhruh (659) attempted to resolve, was disastrous: it split 'Ali's forces, some of his followers (Khawarij) ...
- Adhur-Narses
- (from the article "Hormizd II") Little is known of Hormizd's reign, although according to one ancient source he executed some members of the Manichaean religion. At Hormizd's death powerful nobles killed his son Adhur-Narses, who had assumed the throne, and imprisoned another son, Hormizdas. In ...
- adhyasa
- (from the article "Advaita") Human perception of the unitary and infinite Brahman as the plural and infinite is due to human beings' innate habit of superimposition (adhyasa), by which a thou is ascribed to the I (I am tired; I am happy; I am ...
- adhyatmavidya
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") The role of the sacred texts in the growth of Indian philosophy is different in each of the different systems. In those systems that may be called adhyatmavidya, or sciences of spirituality, the sacred texts play a much greater role ...
- adhyatmika
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...mythologies: the adhidaivata (pertaining to the deities), the aitihasika (pertaining to the tradition), the adhiyajna (pertaining to the sacrifices), and the adhyatmika (pertaining to the spirit). Such interpretations apparently prevailed in the Upanisads; the myths were turned into symbols, though ...
- Adi
- (from the article "Himalayas") Arunachal Pradesh is the homeland of several groups-the Abor or Adi, Aka, Apa Tani, Dafla, Khampti, Khowa, Mishmi,...
- Adi Da
- (from the article "Adidam") a small religious movement grounded in the Hindu tradition. Founded in 1972 in California by Franklin Jones (born 1939), who changed his name to Adi Da (Sanskrit: "One Who Gives from the Divine Source") in 1994, it has undergone a ...
- Adi Granth
- (Punjabi: "First Book"), the sacred scripture of Sikhism, a religion of India. The book (also known as Granth, or Granth Sahib ["The Granth Personified"]) is a collection of nearly 6,000 hymns of the Sikh Gurus (religious leaders) and various early ... [9 Related Articles]
- Adi-Buddha
- among some sects of Mahayana Buddhism, the first, or self-existing, Buddha, from whom are said to have evolved the five Dhyani-Buddhas (see Dhyani-Buddha). Though the concept of an Adi-Buddha was never generally popular, a few groups, particularly in Nepal, Tibet, ...
- adiabatic compressibility
- (from the article "fluid mechanics") ...changes when the pressure is changed by a small amount, and this is described by the compressibility of the fluid-either the isothermal compressibility, betaT, or the adiabatic compressibility, betaS, according to circumstance. When an element of fluid is compressed, the ...
- adiabatic demagnetization
- process by which the removal of a magnetic field from certain materials serves to lower their temperature. This procedure, proposed by chemists Peter Debye (1926) and William Francis Giauque (independently, 1927), provides a means for cooling an already cold material ...
- adiabatic expansion
- (from the article "fog") ...be helped by the absorption of certain soluble gases, notably sulfur dioxide to form dilute sulfuric acid. The relative humidity of the air can be increased by three processes: cooling of the air by adiabatic expansion; mixing two humid airstreams ...
- adiabatic flow
- (from the article "fluid mechanics") ...is the relevant quantity. If virtually none of the heat escapes, as is more commonly the case in flow problems because the thermal conductivity of most fluids is poor, then the flow is said to be adiabatic, and betaS is ...
- adiabatic lapse rate
- (from the article "atmosphere") ...such as temperature or density, with increasing altitude) of temperature decreases at a rate greater than 1 °C per 100 metres (approximately 1 °F per 150 feet). This rate is called the adiabatic lapse rate (the rate of temperature change ...
- adiabatic nuclear demagnetization
- (from the article "adiabatic demagnetization") Much lower temperatures can be attained by an analogous means called adiabatic nuclear demagnetization. This process relies on ordering (aligning) nuclear dipoles (arising from nuclear spins), which are at least 1,000 times smaller than those of atoms. With this process, ...
- adiabatic process
- in thermodynamics, change occurring within a system as a result of transfer of energy to or from the system in the form of work only. A rapid expansion or contraction of a gas is very nearly adiabatic. Any process that ... [4 Related Articles]
- adiabatic temperature increase
- (from the article "ocean") ...may be observed to increase slightly with depth. This occurs when the deepest parts of the oceans are filled by water with a single temperature from a common source. This water experiences an adiabatic temperature rise as it sinks. Such ...
- Adiabene
- petty kingdom that was a vassal state of the Parthian empire (247 BC-AD 224) in northern Mesopotamia (now Iraq). Its capital was Arba-ilu (Arbela; modern Irbil). In the 1st century AD its royal family embraced Judaism; the queen mother Helena ... [3 Related Articles]
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