Encyclopædia Britannica Australia -

Encyclopedias since 1768

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acute disease ... Adalbert, Adam, Graf von Neipperg

acute disease: (from the article "alcoholism") Alcohol intoxication produces a wide variety of disturbances of neuromuscular and mental functions and of body chemistry. In addition, the intoxicated person is more liable to accidents and injuries. Alcoholics-who chronically experience severe intoxication-are said to be 30 times more ...
acute glomerulonephritis: (from the article "Bright disease") Acute glomerulonephritis is characterized by severe inflammation, renal (kidney) insufficiency, swelling, increased blood pressure, and severe back pain. Recovery is usually fairly complete after an episode of acute glomerulonephritis, but minor infections may do further damage to the kidneys and ...
acute intermittent porphyria: (from the article "metabolic disease") Eight different porphyrias have been identified. One common form is acute intermittent porphyria, which is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase. Symptoms usually arise during adolescence, and hormonal changes (e.g., menstruation), alcohol ingestion, certain foods, and some ...
acute lymphocytic leukemia: (from the article "blood disease") Acute leukemia is marked by the presence in the blood of immature cells normally not present. In acute lymphocytic anemia (ALL), most frequently seen in children, the cells are immature forms of the lymphatic series of cells. In acute myelogenous ...
acute myelogenous leukemia: (from the article "blood disease") ...presence in the blood of immature cells normally not present. In acute lymphocytic anemia (ALL), most frequently seen in children, the cells are immature forms of the lymphatic series of cells. In acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), the predominant cells are ...
acute pain: (from the article "therapeutics") Acute pain serves a useful function as a protective mechanism that leads to the removal of the source of the pain, whether it be localized injury or infection. Chronic pain serves a less useful function and is often more difficult ...
acute respiratory distress syndrome of adults: (from the article "respiratory disease") Bacterial or viral pneumonia, exposure of the lung to gases, aspiration of material into the lung (including water in near-drowning episodes), or any generalized septicemia (blood poisoning) or severe lung injury may lead to sudden, widespread bilateral lung injury. This ...
acute-phase protein: (from the article "immune system") ...In addition to raising body temperature, the interleukins stimulate liver cells to secrete increased amounts of several different proteins into the bloodstream. These proteins, collectively called acute-phase proteins, bind to bacteria and, by doing so, activate complement proteins that destroy ...
acute-phase response: (from the article "immune system") When the body is invaded by a pathogen, macrophages release the protein signals interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to help fight the infection. One of their effects is to raise the temperature of the body, causing the fever that often ...
acyclic diene: (from the article "olefin") ...basis for the extensive petrochemicals industry. Most uses of these compounds involve reactions of the double bond with other chemical agents. Acyclic diolefins, also known as acyclic dialkenes, or acyclic dienes, with the general formula C_nH_2n_-2, contain two double bonds; ...
acyclic monoolefin: (from the article "olefin") Acyclic monoolefins have the general formula C_nH_2n, C being a carbon atom, H a hydrogen atom, and n an integer. They are rare in nature but are formed in large quantities during the cracking (breaking down of large molecules) of ...
acyclic monoterpene: (from the article "isoprenoid") ...points in the range of 150 to 185 °C (300 to 365 °F). Purification is usually achieved by fractional distillation at reduced pressures or by regeneration from a crystalline derivative. Acyclic monoterpene hydrocarbons are few in number, but their oxygenated ...
acyclovir: (from the article "drug") ...viral DNA is transferred to the nucleus and transcribed into viral mRNA for the viral proteins. Drugs that are effective against herpesviruses interfere with DNA replication. The nucleoside analogs (acyclovir and ganciclovir) actually mimic the normal nucleoside and block the ...
acyl azide: (from the article "azide") ...or an organic derivative in which the hydrogen atom of hydrazoic acid is replaced by a hydrocarbon group as in alkyl or aryl azide (RN₃), or by an acyl (carboxylic acid) group as in acyl azide.carboxylic acids
acyl chloride: (from the article "carboxylic acid") The easiest acid derivatives to hydrolyze are acyl chlorides, which require only the addition of water. Carboxylic acid salts are converted to the corresponding acids instantaneously at room temperature simply on treatment with water and a strong acid such as ...
acyl halide: (from the article "carboxylic acid") Acyl halidesacid halidesacid halide...of hydroxyl groups by halogen atoms. The most important organic acid halides are the chlorides derived from carboxylic acids and from sulfonic acids. The carboxylic acid chlorides, ...
acyl-carrier protein: (from the article "metabolism") Malonyl coenzyme A and a molecule of acetyl coenzyme A react (in bacteria) with the sulfhydryl group of a relatively small molecule known as acyl-carrier protein (ACP-SH); in higher organisms ACP-SH is part of a multienzyme complex called fatty acid ...
acylating agent: (from the article "amine") ...out under conditions that favour the conversion of primary amines to isocyanates: RNH₂+ COCl₂→ RN&doublehorzbond;C&doublehorzbond;O + 2HCl). Isocyanates are themselves acylating agents, of a type that also includes isothiocyanates (RN&doublehorzbond;C&doublehorzbond;S), ketenes (R₂C&doublehorzbond;C&doublehorzbond;O), and carbon dioxide...
acylation: (from the article "amine") Acylation is one of the most important reactions of primary and secondary amines; a hydrogen atom is replaced by an acyl group (a group derived from an acid, such as RCOOH or RSO₃H, by removal of &singlehorzbond;OH, such as RC(&doublehorzbond;O)&singlehorzbond;, ...
acylcarnitine: (from the article "muscle disease") ...mitochondria for subsequent oxidation. This shuttle requires the fatty acid (acyl) molecule to attach to the carrier molecule carnitine in the presence of the enzyme acylcarnitine transferase. The acylcarnitine that is formed crosses the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes and ...
Aczel, Gyorgy: politician, communist ideologist, and the preeminent personality in the cultural policy of the Janos Kadar regime (1956-88) in Hungary.
ad impossibile nemo obligatur: (from the article "applied logic") ...logic, principally in the context of Immanuel Kant's thesis that "ought implies can" (i.e., &implies; O p ⊃ Mp), but also about the theses ad impossibile nemo obligatur-"no one is obliged to do the impossible" (i.e., &implies; ...
ad libitum: (from the article "accompaniment") The term obbligato accompaniment came to be applied to accompaniments of this type, as opposed to ad libitum accompaniment, the unessential ornamentation or the optional reduplication of a part, performed on a secondary instrument. Obbligato accompaniments were sometimes written out, ...
ad valorem tax: any tax imposed on the basis of the monetary value of the taxed item. Literally the term means "according to value." Traditionally, most customs and excises had "specific" rates; the tax base was defined in terms of physical units such ... [1 Related Articles]
Ada: (from the article "computer programming language") Ada was named for Augusta Ada King, countess of Lovelace, who was an assistant to the 19th-century English inventor Charles Babbage, and is sometimes called the first computer programmer. Ada, the language, was developed in the early 1980s for the ...
Ada: city, seat (1907) of Pontotoc county, south-central Oklahoma, U.S. It lies along Clear Boggy Creek, south of the Canadian River, and was named for the daughter of the first postmaster, William J. Reed, who built a log store there in ...
Ada: (from the article "Anatolia") ...mausoleum was planned by Mausolus himself but was built by his wife and successor, Artemisia II (353-351). Later satraps were the second son Idrieus (351-344), his wife and successor, Ada (344-341), and Pixodarus, the youngest son (341-334).treaty with Alexander the ...
Ada group: ivory carvings and a group of about 10 illuminated manuscripts, dating from the last quarter of the 8th century, the earliest examples of the art of the Court School of Charlemagne. The group is named after a Gospel book (c. ...
Adab: ancient Sumerian city located south of Nippur (modern Niffer or Nuffar), Iraq. Excavations (1903-04) carried out by the American archaeologist Edgar James Banks revealed buildings dating from as early as the prehistoric period and as late as the reign of ... [2 Related Articles]
adab: Islamic concept that became a literary genre distinguished by its broad humanitarian concerns; it developed during the brilliant height of 'Abbasid culture in the 9th century and continued through the Muslim Middle Ages. [5 Related Articles]
Adachi family: (from the article "Japan") ...among these. Buffeted by economic changes beyond its control, the bakufu began to totter, shaken also by the disputes between the Hojo family and the rival shugo. The Adachi family was forced into revolt and defeated by the Hojo in ...
Adad: weather god of the Babylonian and Assyrian pantheon. The name Adad may have been brought into Mesopotamia toward the end of the 3rd millennium BC by Western (Amorite) Semites. His Sumerian equivalent was Ishkur and the West Semitic was Hadad. [2 Related Articles]
Adad-nirari I: (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") Still greater successes were achieved by Adad-nirari I (c. 1295-c. 1264). Defeating the Kassite king Nazimaruttash, he forced him to retreat. After that he defeated the kings of Mitanni, first Shattuara I, then Wasashatta. This enabled him for a time ...
Adad-nirari II: (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") Adad-nirari II (c. 911-891) left detailed accounts of his wars and his efforts to improve agriculture. He led six campaigns against Aramaean intruders from northern Arabia. In two campaigns against Babylonia he forced Shamash-mudammiq (c. 930-904) to surrender extensive territories. ...
Adad-nirari III: (from the article "Jordan") The next invaders were the Assyrians, who under Adadnirari III (811/810-783 BC) overran the eastern part of the country as far as Edom. Revolts against Assyrian rule occurred in the 760s and 750s, but the country was retaken in 734-733 ...
Adad-shum-usur: (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...waged war on two fronts at the same time-against Elam and Assyria-ending in the catastrophic invasion and destruction of Babylon by Tukulti-Ninurta I. Not until the time of the kings Adad-shum-usur (c. 1216-c. 1187) and Melishipak (c. 1186-c. 1172) was ...
adage: a saying, often in metaphoric form, that embodies a common observation, such as "If the shoe fits, wear it,'' "Out of the frying pan, into the fire,'' or "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and ...
adah: (Arabic: "custom"), in Islamic law, a local custom that is given a particular consideration by judicial authorities even when it conflicts with some principle of canon law (Shari'ah); in Indonesia it is known as adat, in North Africa it is ...
Adair v. the United States: (1908), case in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld "yellow dog" contracts forbidding workers from joining labour unions. William Adair of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad fired O.B. Coppage for belonging to a labour union, an action in direct violation ...
Adair, John: Scottish surveyor and cartographer whose maps established a standard of excellence for his time and probably inspired the early 18th-century surveys of Scotland. Between 1680 and 1686 he completed maps of the counties adjoining the River Forth as well as ...
Adair, Red: American firefighter (b. June 18, 1915, Houston, Texas-d. Aug. 7, 2004, Houston), showed remarkable daring and creativity in fighting oil blowouts and fires. He took his first job in the oil industry in 1938 and served during World War II ...
Adair, William: (from the article "Adair v. the United States") (1908), case in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld "yellow dog" contracts forbidding workers from joining labour unions. William Adair of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad fired O.B. Coppage for belonging to a labour union, an action in direct violation ...
Adak: (from the article "Aleutian Islands") ...top fishing ports (particularly of walleye pollock [Theragra chalcogramma]) in the United States, with large fish-processing plants on land and factory ships offshore. Adak (formerly Adak Station) was the site of a naval station (1942-97); military installations ...
adakite: (from the article "Earth Sciences") A wide-ranging review of adakites by Paterno Castillo of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., concluded that in using this term, "caution is necessary." The term was first applied in 1990 to silicic volcanic rocks with specific patterns ...
Adal: historic Islamic state of eastern Africa, in the Danakil-Somali region southwest of the Gulf of Aden, with its capital at Harer (now in Ethiopia). Its rivalry with Christian Ethiopia began in the 14th century with minor border raids and skirmishes. ... [4 Related Articles]
Adalbero: (from the article "Conrad II") ...with his son remained close, King Henry at times showed independent initiative. He once concluded a separate peace with King Stephen of Hungary and on another occasion gave his oath to Duke Adalbero of Carinthia never to side against him. ...
Adalbero Of Ardennes: archbishop of Reims who, by declaring the Frankish crown to be elective rather than hereditary, paved the way for the accession of Hugh Capet in place of the Carolingian claimant, Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine. [4 Related Articles]
Adalbert: German archbishop, the most brilliant of the medieval prince bishops of Bremen, and a leading member of the royal administration. [4 Related Articles]
Adalbert: (from the article "Henry V") ...his father's policy of favouring the class of unfree servants known as ministeriales and also the towns, thus provoking the antagonism of the princes. Rebellion soon broke out; Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz fomented unrest in the upper Rhineland, and the ...
Adalbert: Lombard king of Italy, who shared the throne for 11 years with his father, Berengar II, and after Berengar's exile continued his father's struggle against the German king and Holy Roman emperor Otto I.
Adalbert, Adam, Graf von Neipperg: (from the article "Marie-Louise") In September 1821, following Napoleon's death that May, Marie-Louise married Adam Adalbert, Count von Neipperg, having already borne him two children. Together they governed the duchies more liberally than did most other princes in Italy, though some authorities suggest that ...