| | - absolutism
- the political doctrine and practice of unlimited, centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, as vested especially in a monarch or dictator. The essence of an absolutist system is that the ruling power is not subject to regularized challenge or check by ... [30 Related Articles]
- absorber layer
- (from the article "solar cell") The three energy-conversion layers below the antireflection layer are the top junction layer, the absorber layer, which constitutes the core of the device, and the back junction layer. Two additional electrical contact layers are needed to carry the electric current ...
- absorbing process
- (from the article "probability theory") At another extreme are absorbing processes. An example is the Markov process describing Peter's fortune during the game of gambler's ruin. The process is absorbed whenever either Peter or Paul is ruined. Questions of interest involve the probability of being ...
- absorptiometry
- (from the article "analysis") In the most often used spectral method, the electromagnetic radiation that is provided by the instrument is absorbed by the analyte, and the amount of the absorption is measured. Absorption occurs when a quantum of electromagnetic radiation, known as a ...
- absorption
- (from the article "adsorption") Adsorption refers to the collecting of molecules by the external surface or internal surface (walls of capillaries or crevices) of solids or by the surface of liquids. Absorption, with which it is often confused, refers to processes in which a ...
- absorption
- in wave motion, the transfer of the energy of a wave to matter as the wave passes through it. The energy of an acoustic, electromagnetic, or other wave is proportional to the square of its amplitude-i.e., the maximum displacement or ... [20 Related Articles]
- absorption
- (from the article "therapeutics") ...localization in tissues, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs. The study of the actions of the drugs and their effects is called pharmacodynamics. Before a drug can be effective, it must be absorbed and distributed throughout the body. Drugs taken orally ...
- absorption coefficient
- (from the article "Absorption coefficients of common materials at several frequencies") ...a fractional amount that is proportional to the thickness of the layer. The change in energy as the wave passes through a layer is a constant of the material for a given wavelength and is called its absorption coefficient. ice
- absorption costing
- (from the article "accounting") The methods of cost finding described in the preceding paragraphs are known as full, or absorption, costing methods, in that the overhead rates are intended to include provisions for all manufacturing costs. Both process and job-order costing methods can also ...
- absorption dynamometer
- (from the article "dynamometer") Absorption dynamometers, on the other hand, produce the torque that they measure by creating a constant restraint to the turning of a shaft by either mechanical friction, fluid friction, or electromagnetic induction. A Prony brake (see figure) develops mechanical friction ...
- absorption edge
- (from the article "spectroscopy") ...just required to remove an electron from a specific inner shell to form an ion. The sudden increase of the absorption coefficient as the wavelength is reduced past the shell energy is called an absorption edge; there is an absorption ...
- absorption line
- (from the article "star") ...well above the ground level in energy. Only at high temperatures are sufficient numbers of atoms maintained in this state by collisions, radiations, and so forth to permit an appreciable number of absorptions to occur. At the low surface temperatures ...
- absorption spectroscopy
- (from the article "spectroscopy") Absorption spectroscopy measures the loss of electromagnetic energy after it illuminates the sample under study. For example, if a light source with a broad band of wavelengths is directed at a vapour of atoms, ions, or molecules, the particles will ...
- absorption spectrum
- (from the article "chemical element") ...an emission, or bright-line, spectrum. When light passes through a gas or cloud at a lower temperature than the light source, the gas absorbs at its identifying wavelengths, and a dark-line, or absorption, spectrum will be formed.
spectra
- Abstbessingen faience
- tin-glazed earthenware produced in a factory in the village of Abstbessingen, in Thuringia, which flourished probably from the first half of the 18th century to about 1816. A hayfork factory mark indicates the patronage of the prince of Schwarzburg. Ordinary ...
- abstinence
- (from the article "capital and interest") ...is, whether there was any identifiable contribution to the general product of society that would not be forthcoming if this form of income were not paid. He identified such a function and called it abstinence. Karl Marx denied the existence ...
- abstinence
- (from the article "asceticism") Abstinence and fasting are by far the most common of all ascetic practices. Among the primitive peoples, it originated, in part, because of a belief that taking food is dangerous, for demonic forces may enter the body while one is ...
- abstract
- (from the article "information processing") ...The purpose of secondary literature is to "filter" the primary information sources, usually by subject area, and provide the indicators to this literature in the form of reviews, abstracts, and indexes. Over the past 100 years there has evolved a ...
- abstract animation
- (from the article "motion-picture technology") Although abstract animation can be realized through orthodox animation techniques (as in parts of Fantasia, 1940), it may also be inked or painted directly onto the film. This form of abstract animation was pioneered in the 1920s with the individual ...
- abstract art
- painting, sculpture, or graphic art in which the portrayal of things from the visible world plays no part. All art consists largely of elements that can be called abstract-elements of form, colour, line, tone, and texture. Prior to the 20th ... [11 Related Articles]
- abstract data type
- (from the article "computer programming language") Abstract data types (ADTs) are important for large-scale programming. They package data structures and operations on them, hiding internal details. For example, an ADT table provides insertion and lookup operations to users while keeping the underlying structure, whether an array, ...
- Abstract Expressionism
- broad movement in American painting that began in the late 1940s and became a dominant trend in Western painting during the 1950s. The most prominent American Abstract Expressionist painters were Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, and Mark Rothko. ... [15 Related Articles]
- abstract garden
- (from the article "garden and landscape design") Two characteristic Japanese styles are the abstract garden and the tea garden. The most famous example of the former is the garden of the Ryoan-ji in Kyoto, where an area about the size of a tennis court is covered with ...
- abstract poem
- a term coined by Edith Sitwell to describe a poem in which the words are chosen for their aural quality rather than specifically for their sense or meaning. An example from "Popular Song" in Sitwell's Facade (1923) ...
- abstract space
- (from the article "Frechet, Maurice") French mathematician known chiefly for his contributions to real analysis. He is credited with being the founder of the theory of abstract spaces.
topologytopologyTopological equivalence...extensions. One might imagine a pebble trapped ...
- abstraction
- (from the article "realism") In the second half of the 20th century the term nominalism took on a somewhat broader sense than the one it had in the medieval dispute about universals. It is now used as a name for any position which denies ...
- abstraction, principle of
- (from the article "set theory") ...of appropriate, specific objects, the result is a declarative sentence that is true or false. Given any formula S(x) that contains the letter x (and possibly others), Cantor's principle of abstraction asserts the existence of a set A such that, ...
- Abstraction-Creation
- association of international painters and sculptors that from 1931 to 1936 promoted the principles of pure abstraction in art. [3 Related Articles]
- Absurd, Theatre of the
- dramatic works of certain European and American dramatists of the 1950s and early '60s who agreed with the Existentialist philosopher Albert Camus's assessment, in his essay "The Myth of Sisyphus" (1942), that the human situation is essentially absurd, devoid of ... [12 Related Articles]
- absurdity
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...the other area in which his ongoing experiments were most noteworthy, if not always successful, was that of dramatic language. Ironically, one of his most successful plays (and productions) was an Absurdist drama, Ya tali' al-shajarah (1962; ...
- Abts, Tomma
- (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") ...potential to make a lasting impact on the history of American art." The Turner Prize for a living British artist under age 50 short-listed four artists for the 2006 honour: abstract painter Tomma Abts, video artist Phil Collins, installation artist ...
- Abu
- city, southwestern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is situated on the slopes of Mount Abu, an isolated feature of the Aravali Range. The city is a noted hill resort, and the Jaina temples at nearby Dilwara, built of white marble, ...
- Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad az-Zaghall
- (from the article "Muhammad XI") ...and with the aid of the Abencerrajes family seized the Alhambra in 1482 and was recognized as sultan. Abu al-Hasan succeeded in recapturing the capital but was deposed by his brother az-Zaghall (Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad az-Zaghall). On Boabdil's first ...
- Abu 'Ali
- (from the article "Simjurid Dynasty") ...son Abu ol-Hasan Simjuri created a virtually independent principality centred in Qohestan in southern Khorasan. Abu ol-Hasan's son Abu 'Ali added Herat to the domains.
- Abu 'Ali Mustafa
- Palestinian nationalist who was a cofounder (1967) and secretary-general (2000-01) of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a radical faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). [1 Related Articles]
- Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala'
- (from the article "Asma'i, al-") A gifted student of Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala', the founder of the Basra school, al-Asma'i joined the court of the 'Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid in Baghdad. Renowned for his piety and plain living, he was a tutor to the caliph's ...
- Abu 'Inan
- (from the article "North Africa") ...when the Arab tribes of Tunisia joined in the battle against them, the Marinids were overwhelmed, and Abu al-Hasan himself had to flee by sea from Tunis. His son and successor, Abu 'Inan, also invaded the eastern Maghrib, in 1356-57, ...
- Abu 'l-Fadl 'Allami
- historian, military commander, secretary, and theologian to the Mughal emperor Akbar. [2 Related Articles]
- Abu 'Ubayd al-Bakri
- (from the article "Spain") ...and Ibn Wafid, Ibn Bassal, and Ibn al-'Awwam (11th and 12th centuries) quote Varro, Virgil, and others. The most notable geographers in Muslim Spain were Abu 'Ubayd al-Bakri (died 1094), who wrote the Kitab al-masalik wa'l-mamalik ("Book of Highways and ...
- Abu 'Ubaydah
- (from the article "A'sha, al-") pre-Islamic poet whose qasidah ("ode") is included by the critic Abu 'Ubaydah (d. 825) in the celebrated Mu'allaqat, a collection of seven pre-Islamic qasidahs, each of which was considered by its author to be his best; the contents of the ...
- Abu adh-Dhawwud Muhammad
- (from the article "'Uqaylid Dynasty") ...established themselves in Jazirat ibn 'Umar, Nisibin (modern Nusaybin, Tur.), and Balad (northern Iraq) at the end of the 10th century. Abu adh-Dhawwud Muhammad (reigned c. 990-996), the first 'Uqaylid, was drawn into the struggle between the Hamdanids and Marwanids ...
- Abu al-'Abbas
- (from the article "North Africa") ...between 1348 and 1370, one being ruled from Tunis and the other from Bejaia, with the ruler of each part supported by a different Arab tribal group. After it was reunified in 1370 by Sultan Abu al-'Abbas, the Hafsid state ...
- Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah
- Islamic caliph (reigned 749-754), first of the 'Abbasid dynasty, which was to rule over eastern Islam for approximately the next 500 years. The 'Abbasids were descended from an uncle of Muhammad and were cousins to the ruling Umayyad dynasty. The ... [6 Related Articles]
- Abu al-'Atahiyah
- first Arab poet of note to break with the conventions established by the pre-Islamic poets of the desert and to adopt a simpler and freer language of the village. [2 Related Articles]
- Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdadi
- (from the article "Judaism") The last outstanding Jewish philosopher of the Islamic East, Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdadi (who died as a very old man sometime after 1164), also belongs to this period. An inhabitant of Iraq, he was converted to Islam in his old age ...
- Abu al-Faraj al-Isbahani
- literary scholar who composed an encyclopaedic and fundamental work on Arabic song, composers, poets, and musicians. [3 Related Articles]
- Abu al-Fath al-Iskandari
- (from the article "Hamadhani, al-") ...maqamahs are written in a combination of prose, rhymed prose (saj'), and poetry and recount typically the encounters of the narrator 'Isa ibn Hisham with Abu al-Fath al-Iskandari, a witty orator and talented poet who roams in search of fortune ...
- Abu al-Fawaris
- (from the article "Abu Kalijar al-Marzuban ibn Sultan ad-Dawlah") ...ad-Dawlah, died in December 1023/January 1024, Abu Kalijar's succession to the sultan's Iranian possessions of Fars and Khuzistan was challenged by his uncle Abu al-Fawaris, the ruler of Kerman, to the west. By 1028 Abu Kalijar was victorious and added ...
- Abu al-Fida'
- Ayyubid dynasty historian and geographer who became a local sultan under the Mamluk empire.
- Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
- khan (ruler) of Khiva and one of the most prominent historians in Chagatai Turkish literature.
- Abu al-Hasan
- one of the leading Mughal painters of the emperor Jahangir's atelier, honoured by the emperor with the title Nadir-uz-Zaman ("Wonder of the Age"). [1 Related Articles]
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